«USS Bear»: Легендарный корабль Береговой охраны США

Dual steam powered and sailing ship
the later United States Coast Guard cutter

USS Bear was a dual steam powered and sailing ship built with thick sides which had a long life in various cold water and ice filled environments. She was a forerunner of modern icebreakers and had a diverse service life. According to the United States Coast Guard official website, Bear is described as "probably the most famous ship in the history of the Coast Guard." Built in Scotland in 1874 as a steamer for sealing, she was owned and operated from Newfoundland for ten years. In the mid 1880s, she took part in the search for the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition. Commanded by Michael Healy of the United States Revenue Marine, renamed the United States Revenue Cutter Service in 1894 (and one of the ancestor organizations of the United States Coast Guard), she worked the coastline of Alaska. She later assisted with relief efforts after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Her services also included the second expedition of Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Antarctica, and again to the southernmost continent in 1941 to evacuate Americans at the beginning of World War II. She later served on patrol duty off the coast of Greenland for the United States Navy. Between some of these missions, she was a museum ship in Oakland, California, and starred in the 1930 film version of Jack London's The Sea Wolf. After World War II, Bear was returned to use again as a sealing vessel. Finally, in 1963, 89 years after she had been built, while being towed to a stationary assignment as a floating restaurant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Bear foundered and sank in the North Atlantic Ocean about south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Bear was built in 1874 as a sealer at Dundee, Scotland shipyards. Custom built for sealing out of St. John's, Newfoundland, Bear was the most outstanding sealing vessel of her day, the lead ship in a new generation of sealers. Heavy built with thick wooden planks, Bear was rigged as a sailing barquentine but her main power was a steam engine designed to smash deep into ice packs to reach seal herds. At the time of her arrival in St. John's, there were 300 vessels outfitted each season to hunt seals, but most were small schooners or old sailing barques. The new sealing ships represented by Bear radically transformed the Eastern North Atlantic seal fishery as they replaced the hundreds of smaller sealing vessels owned by merchants in outports around Newfoundland with large and expensive steamships owned by large British and Newfoundland companies based in St. John's. Owned at first by the Scottish firm W. Grieve and Sons, she was acquired in 1880 by R. Steele Junior. Bear spent a decade sealing from St. John's. In 1884, the Steeles sent Bear back to Scotland for a refit.

The massive wooden hulls of Newfoundland sealing vessels had proved ideal for Arctic exploration. Just back from her refit in 1884 and ready for another season of sealing, Bear was instead purchased by the U. S. government in 1884. Under command of Commander Winfield Scott Schley, Bear and took part in the search for the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition, whose seven survivors were found at Cape Sabine. Bear served as a revenue cutter in the United States Revenue Marine, renamed the United States Revenue Cutter Service in 1894, from 1885 to 1915 and as a cutter in the United States Coast Guard from 1915 to 1926. Throughout the years from 1885 to 1926, she made the seasonal trek each May from her port in Oakland, California, to sail north to the waters of the Territory of Alaska for the five month season, cruising on the Bering Sea Patrol, where she looked out for seal poachers, shipwrecked whalers, and illicit trade with Alaska Natives, ferried reindeer from Siberia to Alaska, and served as a floating courthouse. During one of her yearly trips back to San Francisco, Bear assisted in rescue operations for 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The Revenue Cutter Service was merged with the United States Life Saving Service to form the United States Coast Guard on 28 January 1915 and the ship was renamed USCGC Bear.

Cruising to Alaska for her last patrol in the 1926 season, on her return to Oakland that November she was replaced by a new cutter, and ownership was transferred to the city for use as a large barquentine rigged museum ship, Bear starred as the sealer Macedonia in the 1930 film version of Jack London's The Sea Wolf. In 1932 Bear of Oakland was purchased by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd for $1,050, as a replacement for the barquentine City of New York. He used her in the Second Byrd Expedition alongside the old steel hulled lumber ship Pacific Fir, renamed by Byrd Jacob Ruppert, in honor of the New York brewer who was a major sponsor of expedition. After the expedition, Admiral Byrd leased Bear to the Navy for one dollar a year, for use on his government sponsored (third) expedition.

On 11 September 1939 she was re commissioned in the U. S. Navy for service during the 1939–1941 United States Antarctic Service Expedition, led by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, and renamed USS Bear (AG 29). She carried a Barkley Grow seaplane on board. Lieutenant Commander Richard H. Cruzen was captain of Bear during the expedition. Cruzen would rise to the rank of rear admiral and commanded the U. S. Navy ships which participated in a large Antarctic expedition named Operation Highjump in 1948. In early 1941, USS Bear assisted in the evacuation of the members of the Antarctic Expedition, as international tensions rose in the months that led up to America's entrance into World War II. Bear arrived at the Mikkelsen Islands, just north of the Antarctic Circle, on 16 March 1941, and its crew helped to build an adequate airstrip to evacuate personnel and equipment from the expedition base in the area.

From 1941 to 1944, Bear served in the Northeast Atlantic Greenland Patrol. The rigging was cut down to two masts to become a fully motorized ship. After the capture, on 12 September 1941, of the German controlled Norwegian sealer , which was used as a supply ship for secret weather stations, by ; Bear towed the prize to Boston. When more modern ships were available to replace her, Bear was decommissioned on 17 May 1944 and laid up in Boston until the end of the war. Bear had the distinction of being the oldest U. S. Navy ship to be deployed outside the continental United States during World War II. She was one of the last ships equipped with sails to serve in a theater of war. She was also one of a very few U. S. Navy ships to have served during the Spanish–American War as well as both world wars. (The sailing relics Constitution and Constellation were both in active commissioned service during World War II but neither left port during the war.)

Bear was purchased from the U. S. government in 1948 by Frank M. Shaw of Halifax, Nova Scotia for $5,199. Shaw intended to use the ship for sealing. Renamed Arctic Bear, her refit for sealing proved costly and with the decline of the large scale Newfoundland seal hunt, she was laid up in Halifax Harbour subject to on and off again refits, and lay derelict for periods of times as she remained at various moorings around Halifax and Dartmouth. By the early 1960s Bear was considered for restoration as a museum ship by the City of Dartmouth as well as her old home at Oakland and by the San Francisco marine museum. However the purchase price from Shaw Steamships and the extensive restoration costs scuttled museum plans. In 1962 she was purchased by Alfred Johnston of Philadelphia for a floating seafood restaurant. Repairs were made to the ship at Industrial Shipping Limited in Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia for her new role including the carving of a new bear figurehead.

In 1963, while in tow by the tug Irving Birch to Philadelphia, Bear foundered about south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, at She went down early in the morning of 19 March 1963 after a gale struck and severed the tow line. The mast collapsed and punctured the hull, causing the sinking. Her crew of two were rescued by Irving Birch.

The search for Bear′s wreck began in 1979, when Dr. Harold "Doc" Edgerton of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the inventor of side scan sonar, used a side scan sonar deployed from a United States Coast Guard buoy tender to look for the wreck in the vicinity of Bear′s sinking. His effort was unsuccessful, but other searches of the area ensued over the next 42 years, involving a variety of actors including MIT; the U. S. Navy; various elements of the U. S. Coast Guard including the Chief Historian′s Office, the Coast Guard Research and Development Center, and the United States Coast Guard Academy; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; and the Government of Canada. On 14 October 2021, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Rear Admiral Nancy Hann announced the discovery in a press conference held on a pier in Boston adjacent to the Coast Guard icebreaker .