Мехтильда фон Хакборн: Жизнь и Видения Саксонской Святой

Saxon Christian saint, Benedictine nun

Mechtilde of Hackeborn, OSB, also known as Mechtilde of Helfta (1240/1241 – 19 November 1298), was a Saxon Christian saint (from what is now Germany) and a Benedictine nun. She was famous for her musical talents, gifted with a beautiful voice. At the age of 50, Mechtilde went through a grave spiritual crisis, as well as physical suffering. In the modern Benedictine calendar, her feast is celebrated on the anniversary of her death, November 19. She died in the convent of Helfta, near Eisleben.

Born Matilda von Hackeborn Wippra, in 1240 or 1241, she belonged to one of the noblest and most powerful Thuringian families; her sister was the illustrious Abbess Gertrude of Hackeborn. The family of Hackeborn belonged to a dynasty of Barons in Thuringia who were related to the Hohenstaufen family and had possessions in northern Thuringia and in the Harz Mountains. Some writers have considered that Mechtilde von Hackeborn and Mechtilde von Wippra were two distinct persons, but, as the Barons of Hackeborn were also Lords of Wippra, it was customary for members of that family to take their name indifferently from either, or both of these estates. Mechtilde considered so fragile at birth, that the attendants, fearing she might die unbaptized, hurried her off to the priest who was preparing to say Mass. He was reported as a person of "great sanctity," and after baptizing the child, is reported to have said "What do you fear? This child most certainly will not die, but she will become a saintly religious in whom God will work many wonders, and she will end her days in a good old age."

When Mechtilde was seven years old, having been taken by her mother on a visit to her elder sister Gertrude, at that time a nun in the Cistercian monastery in Rodersdorf, she became so enamoured of the cloister that her parents yielded to her requests and allowed her to enter the alumnate. Here, being highly gifted in mind as well as in body, she made remarkable progress in virtue and learning. In one extraordinary vision she perceived that "the smallest details of creation are reflected in the Holy Trinity by means of the Humanity of Christ, because it is from the same earth that produced Them that Christ drew His Humanity." While Julian of Norwich (1342–about 1416) is the most famous English author to employ the idea of God as mother, the concept did not originate with her. Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) had already fostered devotion to "our Lord, our Mother" in his widely used Orationes. The Cistercians and Carthusians spread it by the use of these prayers in their monasteries, and women such as Marguerite d'Oyngt (d. (died) 1310) and Mechthild of Hackeborn took it up. In the description of her visions, Christ, the Virgin, and other members of the hierarchy of heaven enter as living realities. Mechtilde was particularly fond of the angels, whom she loved to picture as the associates of men on earth and in heaven.

Mechtilde was distressed over her eternal salvation and prayed that the Virgin Mary would assist her at the hour of death. Mary appeared to her and reassured her, saying: "Yes, I will! But I wish, for your part, that you recite three Hail Marys every day, remembering in the first the Power received from the Eternal Father, in the second the Wisdom received from the Son, with the third one the Love that has filled the Holy Spirit". The Virgin Mary taught her to pray and to understand especially how the three Hail Marys honor the three persons of the Trinity.

Both Mechthilde and Gertrude of Helfta became ardent devotees and promoters of Jesus' heart after it was the subject of many of their visions. The idea of hearing the heartbeat of God was very important to medieval saints who nurtured devotion to the Sacred Heart. Both Mechtilde and Gertrude (d. (died) 1302) perceived Jesus' heart as the breast of a mother, and considered the blood of Jesus in the Eucharist to be as nourishing as the milk a mother gives to feed her child. In one vision, Mechtilde reported that Jesus said, "In the morning let your first act be to greet My Heart and to offer Me your own. Whoever breathes a sigh toward Me, draws Me to himself." One of the visions recounted by Mechtilde states that Jesus having appeared to her, commanded her to love him ardently, and to honor his Sacred Heart in the Blessed Sacrament as much as possible. He gave her his Sacred Heart as a pledge of his love, as a place of refuge during her life and as her consolation at the hour of her death. From this time Mechtilde had an extraordinary devotion to the Sacred Heart, and she received such great graces from it that she was accustomed to say that if she had to write down all the favors and all the blessings which she had received by means of this devotion, a large book would not contain them. In another, Jesus himself recommended the Gospel. Opening to her the wound of his heart, he said to her: "Consider how great is My Love: If you want to know It well, you will not find It expressed more clearly anywhere than in the Gospel. No one has ever expressed stronger or more tender feelings than these: As My Father has loved Me, so have I loved you (John 15:9)". Her accounts of these visions were later compiled in the Liber Specialis Gratiae.

At the age of 50, Mechtilde went through a grave spiritual crisis, as well as physical suffering. She learned that two nuns in whom she had especially confided had noted down the spiritual favours granted her. Much troubled at this, Mechthilde first had recourse to prayer. She had a vision of Christ holding in his hand the book of her revelations, and saying: "All this has been committed to writing by My Will and Inspiration; and, therefore you have no cause to be troubled about it." Immediately after her death it was made public, and copies were rapidly multiplied, owing chiefly to the widespread influence of the Friars Preachers. Giovanni Boccaccio tells how, a few years after the death of Mechtilde, the book of her revelations was brought to Florence and popularized under the title of La Laude di donna Matelda, promoting the devotion to the divine mercy of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. It is related that the Florentines were accustomed to repeat daily before their sacred images the praises learned from Mechtilde's book. Gertrude, who assisted in compiling the Liber Specialis Gratiae, exclaims: "Never has there arisen one like to her in our monastery; nor, alas! I fear, will there ever arise another such!" Four centuries later, printed chapbooks in the emblem style had made the devotion so widespread in Europe, even in lands where the Protestant reformed churches were in the ascendency, that it was elevated under this name to a universal feast on the liturgical calendar with Mass and Office proper composed by the French cleric John Eudes. (Another female religious, Mary Margaret Alacoque, spread the devotion among urban illiterate lay faithful of France with numerous testimonies of her supernatural visions of Christ's passion imagined as an inflamed pierced heart, encircled with thorns.) Mechtilde died in the monastery of Helfta, on November 19, 1298. Her feast is celebrated on the anniversary of her death. With that of Gertrude, the body of Mechtilde is most likely still buried at Old Helfta, though the exact spot is unknown.

Critics have long been perplexed as to one of the characters introduced by Dante in his [[The Divine Comedy#Purgatorio under the name of Matelda. After ascending seven terraces of Mount Purgatory, on each of which the process of purification is carried on, Dante, in Canto xxvii, hears a voice singing: "Venite, benedicti patris mei"; then later, in Canto xxviii, there appears to him on the opposite bank of the mysterious stream a lady, solitary, beautiful, and gracious. To her Dante addresses himself; she it is who initiates him into secrets, which it is not given to Virgil to penetrate, and it is to her that Beatrice refers Dante in the words: "Entreat Matilda that she teach thee this." Mechtilde's model of the soul's ascent provided the inspiration for his poetic treatment of the Mountain of Purgatory's seven terraces, one for each virtue (or more accurately one each for the purging—or detachment from—each of the seven vices) at the top of which she appears in his closing cantos of the second book of his Divine Comedy. Most commentators have identified Matilda with Matilda of Tuscany, the spiritual daughter and dauntless champion of Pope Gregory VII, but all agree that beyond the name the two have little or nothing in common. In more places than one the revelations granted to the mystics of Helfta seem in turn to have become the inspirations of the Florentine poet. All writers on Dante recognize his indebtedness to Augustine of Hippo, the Pseudo Dionysius, Bernard of Clairvaux, and Richard of St. Victor. These are precisely the writers whose doctrines had been most assimilated by the mystics of Helfta, and thus they would the more appeal to the sympathies of the poet. Dante could not have been a stranger to a book which was so popular among his fellow citizens. The Purgatorio was finished between 1314 and 1318, or 1319—just about the time when Mechtilde's book was popular. This interpretation is supported by the fact that Mechtilde in her Book of Special Grace (pt. I, c. xiii) describes the place of purification under the same figure of a seven terraced mountain. For another among many points of resemblance between the two writers compare Purgatorio, Canto xxxi, where Dante is drawn by Matelda through the mysterious stream with pt. II, c. ii. of the Liber Specialis Gratiae. Many scholars, however, deem it more likely that the figure of Matelda in Dante's Divine Comedy had been inspired by the mystic Mechthild of Magdeburg.

There is a gilded wooden statue of Mechtilde of Hackborn at the side chapel dedicated to St. Scholastica in the Benedictine Abbey church at Tyniec, Poland. Dressed in a monastic habit, she wears a cross indicating that she is an abbess. The Sisters of St. Benedict's of Ferdinand, Indiana, sponsor a "Mechtilde of Hackeborn Sacred Music Series", supported through an endowment established by the Verkamp Family in honor of Sister Mary Aquin and Sister Mary Ann Verkamp. In 2022, The Episcopal Church added both Mechtilde and Gertrude to their calendar of saints with a feast day on 21 November.