Введение
Хемизм относится к силам притяжения или адгезии между объектами. Он находит применение в химии и философии.
Химия
В прошлом под термином «химизм» понимали внутримолекулярные силы между атомами или, в более широком смысле, любые силы, действующие на атомы и молекулы. В настоящее время этот термин обычно вытесняется более точными понятиями, такими как водородные связи.
Философия
Понятие химизма упоминается во многих различных дисциплинах, составляющих философскую практику. Использование этого термина в философии отсылает к процессам, происходящим в химии. Химизм – термин гегелевской философии, обозначающий «взаимное притяжение, взаимопроникновение и нейтрализацию независимых индивидуумов, объединяющихся в целое». Гегель утверждает, что понятие «Объективность» включает в себя «три формы: Механизм, Химизм и Телеологию»:
The use of the term in philosophy references the activities of chemism in chemistry. Chemism is a term in Hegelian philosophy that stands for the "mutual attraction, interpenetration, and neutralisation of independent individuals which unite to form a whole." Hegel posits that the concept of "Objectivity" contains the "three forms of Mechanism, Chemism , and Teleology":
"The object of mechanical type is the immediate and undifferentiated object. No doubt it contains difference, but the different pieces stand, as it were, without affinity to each other, and their connection is only extraneous. In chemism, on the contrary, the object exhibits an essential tendency to differentiation, in such a way that the objects are what they are only by their relation to each other: this tendency to difference constitutes their quality. The third type of objectivity, the teleological relation, is the unity of mechanism and chemism. Design, like the mechanical object, is a self contained totality, enriched however by the principle of differentiation which came to the fore in chemism, and thus referring itself to the object that stands over against it. Finally, it is the realisation of design which forms the transition to the Idea." In his Science of Logic, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel develops a succession of different forms of mechanism, which end up engendering a process called "chemism". Chemism is obviously a term that lends itself to chemical relationships in physical reality. Hegel, however, is using the term "chemism" logically, and therefore it can be applied to things that you do not study in chemistry class but you might study in German literature, reading Goethe's Elective Affinities, or in psychological studies dealing with a chemistry between individuals:
"Chemism constitutes in objectivity as a whole, the moment of judgment, of the difference that has become objective, and of the process. Since it already begins with determinateness and positedness and the chemical object is at the same time an objective totality, its immediate course is simple and is completely determined by its presupposition."
«Объект механического типа – это непосредственный и недифференцированный объект. Безусловно, он содержит различия, но отдельные его части, как бы, лишены сродства друг с другом, а их связь лишь внешняя. В химизме, напротив, объект проявляет существенную тенденцию к дифференциации, так что объекты существуют лишь в отношении друг к другу: эта тенденция к различию и составляет их качество. Третий тип объективности – телеологическое отношение – представляет собой единство механизма и химизма. Замысел, подобно механическому объекту, является самодостаточной целостностью, но обогащен принципом дифференциации, проявившимся в химизме, и, таким образом, отсылает к объекту, противостоящему ему. В конечном итоге, реализация замысла и формирует переход к Идее». В своей «Науке о логике» Георг Вильгельм Фридрих Гегель развивает последовательность различных форм механизма, которые в конечном итоге порождают процесс, называемый «химизмом». Химизм – термин, очевидно подходящий для описания химических отношений в физической реальности. Однако Гегель использует термин «химизм» в логическом смысле, поэтому его можно применять к явлениям, не изучаемым на уроках химии, но, например, в немецкой литературе при чтении «Электрических сродств» Гёте, или в психологических исследованиях, посвященных «химии» между людьми:
The use of the term in philosophy references the activities of chemism in chemistry. Chemism is a term in Hegelian philosophy that stands for the "mutual attraction, interpenetration, and neutralisation of independent individuals which unite to form a whole." Hegel posits that the concept of "Objectivity" contains the "three forms of Mechanism, Chemism , and Teleology":
"The object of mechanical type is the immediate and undifferentiated object. No doubt it contains difference, but the different pieces stand, as it were, without affinity to each other, and their connection is only extraneous. In chemism, on the contrary, the object exhibits an essential tendency to differentiation, in such a way that the objects are what they are only by their relation to each other: this tendency to difference constitutes their quality. The third type of objectivity, the teleological relation, is the unity of mechanism and chemism. Design, like the mechanical object, is a self contained totality, enriched however by the principle of differentiation which came to the fore in chemism, and thus referring itself to the object that stands over against it. Finally, it is the realisation of design which forms the transition to the Idea." In his Science of Logic, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel develops a succession of different forms of mechanism, which end up engendering a process called "chemism". Chemism is obviously a term that lends itself to chemical relationships in physical reality. Hegel, however, is using the term "chemism" logically, and therefore it can be applied to things that you do not study in chemistry class but you might study in German literature, reading Goethe's Elective Affinities, or in psychological studies dealing with a chemistry between individuals:
"Chemism constitutes in objectivity as a whole, the moment of judgment, of the difference that has become objective, and of the process. Since it already begins with determinateness and positedness and the chemical object is at the same time an objective totality, its immediate course is simple and is completely determined by its presupposition."
«Химизм составляет в объективности в целом момент суждения, объективированного различия и процесса. Поскольку он уже начинается с определенности и позитивности, а химический объект одновременно является объективной целостностью, его непосредственное развитие просто и полностью определяется его предпосылками».
The use of the term in philosophy references the activities of chemism in chemistry. Chemism is a term in Hegelian philosophy that stands for the "mutual attraction, interpenetration, and neutralisation of independent individuals which unite to form a whole." Hegel posits that the concept of "Objectivity" contains the "three forms of Mechanism, Chemism , and Teleology":
"The object of mechanical type is the immediate and undifferentiated object. No doubt it contains difference, but the different pieces stand, as it were, without affinity to each other, and their connection is only extraneous. In chemism, on the contrary, the object exhibits an essential tendency to differentiation, in such a way that the objects are what they are only by their relation to each other: this tendency to difference constitutes their quality. The third type of objectivity, the teleological relation, is the unity of mechanism and chemism. Design, like the mechanical object, is a self contained totality, enriched however by the principle of differentiation which came to the fore in chemism, and thus referring itself to the object that stands over against it. Finally, it is the realisation of design which forms the transition to the Idea." In his Science of Logic, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel develops a succession of different forms of mechanism, which end up engendering a process called "chemism". Chemism is obviously a term that lends itself to chemical relationships in physical reality. Hegel, however, is using the term "chemism" logically, and therefore it can be applied to things that you do not study in chemistry class but you might study in German literature, reading Goethe's Elective Affinities, or in psychological studies dealing with a chemistry between individuals:
"Chemism constitutes in objectivity as a whole, the moment of judgment, of the difference that has become objective, and of the process. Since it already begins with determinateness and positedness and the chemical object is at the same time an objective totality, its immediate course is simple and is completely determined by its presupposition."