Закон США о защите доступа к клиникам репродуктивного здоровья
Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act
Закон США FACE (1994) защищает доступ к клиникам репродуктивного здоровья и церквям от насилия, угроз и препятствий. Предотвращает нападения и вандализм.
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Содержание
Введение
Законодательство США, защищающее доступ к клиникам репродуктивного здоровья
U. S. legislation protecting access to reproductive health clinics
Закон о свободе доступа к клиническим входам (FACE или Закон о доступе, Pub. L. No. 103 259, 108 Stat. 694) (26 мая 1994 г.) – это закон Соединенных Штатов, подписанный президентом Биллом Клинтоном в мае 1994 года, который запрещает следующие три действия: (1) применение физической силы, угрозы физической силой или физического воспрепятствования с целью умышленного причинения вреда, запугивания, вмешательства или попытки причинить вред, запугать или вмешаться в действия лица, получающего услуги по прерыванию беременности; (2) применение физической силы, угрозы физической силой или физического воспрепятствования с целью умышленного причинения вреда, запугивания, вмешательства или попытки причинить вред, запугать или вмешаться в действия лица, осуществляющего или пытающегося осуществить свое право на свободу вероисповедания, гарантированное Первой поправкой, в месте отправления религиозного культа; (3) умышленное повреждение или уничтожение учреждения репродуктивного здоровья или места отправления религиозного культа.
The Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (FACE or the Access Act, Pub. L. No. 103 259, 108 Stat. 694) (May 26, 1994, ) is a United States law that was signed by President Bill Clinton in May 1994, which prohibits the following three things: (1) the use of physical force, threat of physical force, or physical obstruction to intentionally injure, intimidate, interfere with or attempt to injure, intimidate or interfere with any person who is obtaining an abortion, (2) the use of physical force, threat of physical force, or physical obstruction to intentionally injure, intimidate, interfere with or attempt to injure, intimidate or interfere with any person who is exercising or trying to exercise their First Amendment right of religious freedom at a place of religious worship, (3) the intentional damage or destruction of a reproductive health care facility or a place of worship.
Предыстория
В период с 1978 по 1993 год наблюдался рост числа преступлений, совершенных против поставщиков услуг по прерыванию беременности и клиник, где проводятся аборты. Согласно статистике, собранной Национальной федерацией абортов (NAF), организацией поставщиков услуг по прерыванию беременности, с 1977 года в Соединенных Штатах и Канаде было совершено как минимум 9 убийств, 17 покушений на убийство, 406 угроз смертью, 179 случаев нанесения телесных повреждений и 5 похищений людей, оказывающих услуги по прерыванию беременности. Кроме того, с 1977 года в Соединенных Штатах и Канаде преступления против собственности, совершенные против поставщиков услуг по прерыванию беременности, включали 41 взрыв, 175 поджогов, 96 попыток взрыва или поджога, 692 угрозы взрыва, 1993 случая незаконного проникновения, 1400 случаев вандализма и 100 атак с использованием масляной кислоты ("вонючие бомбы"). В апреле 1992 года тысячи "молитвенных воинов" и протестующих против абортов собрались у входов в клиники по прерыванию беременности в Буффало для запланированного месячного пикетирования и блокад, пытаясь отговорить женщин от прерывания беременности. После семи дней протестов, в которых участвовала организация Operation Rescue, было арестовано более 400 протестующих. Особенно активно в совершении этих насильственных преступлений участвовала группа против абортов, известная как "Армия Бога". Только эта группа несла ответственность за взрывы и поджоги более ста клиник до 1994 года. Они также совершили вторжения в более чем триста клиник и повредили более четырехсот. В 1993 году официальные лица обнаружили "Руководство Армии Бога" – тактическое пособие по поджогам, химическим атакам, вторжениям и взрывам, – закопанное во дворе дома активистки "Армии Бога" Шелли Шеннон. Вскоре после этого Шелли Шеннон была признана виновной в покушении на убийство доктора Джорджа Тиллера в том же году. Помимо совершения актов насилия, некоторые активисты против абортов преследовали медицинских работников и использовали их фотографии на плакатах "В розыске за убийство". Некоторые сенаторы и представители считали, что такое незаконное поведение препятствует конституционному праву женщин на получение услуг по охране репродуктивного здоровья (в частности, абортов), которое было гарантировано Верховным судом после решения по делу Роу против Уэйда в 1973 году и было отменено решением по делу Доббс против Jackson Women's Health Organization в 2022 году.
Between the years 1978 and 1993, there was an increase in the number of crimes committed against abortion providers and abortion clinics. According to statistics gathered by the National Abortion Federation (NAF), an organization of abortion providers, since 1977 in the United States and Canada, there have been at least 9 murders, 17 attempted murders, 406 death threats, 179 incidents of assault or battery, and 5 kidnappings committed against abortion providers. In addition, since 1977 in the United States and Canada, property crimes committed against abortion providers have included 41 bombings, 175 arsons, 96 attempted bombings or arsons, 692 bomb threats, 1993 incidents of trespassing, 1400 incidents of vandalism, and 100 attacks with butyric acid ("stink bombs"). In April 1992, thousands of "prayer warriors" and anti abortion protesters met at the entrances of Buffalo Abortion Clinics for a planned month of picketing and blockades, trying to dissuade women from ending their pregnancies. After seven days of protests, involving Operation Rescue, over 400 protesters were arrested. One anti abortion group known as the Army of God was especially active in committing these violent crimes. This group alone was responsible for bombing and setting fire to over one hundred clinics before 1994. They also invaded more than three hundred clinics and vandalized more than four hundred In 1993, officials found the Army of God Manual, a tactical guide to arson, chemical attacks, invasions and bombing, buried in the backyard of Army of God activist Shelley Shannon’s home. Shelley Shannon was soon found guilty of the attempted murder of Dr. George Tiller that same year. In addition to committing acts of violence, some anti abortion activists were known to stalk medical personnel and use their photographs on "Wanted for Murder" posters. Certain senators and representatives believed that such unlawful conduct was interfering with the constitutional right of women to receive reproductive health care services (abortion in particular), which was guaranteed by the Supreme Court after the ruling of Roe v. Wade in 1973, until revoked by the ruling of Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022.
История законодательства
Закон был принят в прямой ответ на эскалацию насильственных действий, применяемых активистами против абортов, которая достигла кульминации в инциденте "Весна жизни" у клиник по прерыванию беременности в Буффало в апреле 1992 года, и главным образом спонсировался конгрессменом Чаком Шумером (D NY) при участии конгрессмена Констанс Мореллы (R MD) в качестве главного соавтора. Версия законопроекта была внесена в Сенат в марте 1993 года, ее спонсором выступил сенатор Эдвард Кеннеди (D MA). Совместная комиссия Палаты представителей и Сената вскоре после этого объединила оба законопроекта, после чего президент Билл Клинтон подписал законопроект, который вступил в силу в мае 1994 года.
The Act was passed in direct response to the escalation of violent tactics used by anti abortion activists that culminated in the "Spring of Life" at Buffalo Abortion Clinics, in April 1992 and chiefly sponsored by Representative Chuck Schumer (D NY), with Representative Constance Morella (R MD) as the chief co sponsor. A version of the bill was introduced in the Senate in March 1993, this one sponsored by Senator Edward Kennedy (D MA). A joint committee between the House and Senate combined the two bills shortly after, and then President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law which went into effect in May 1994. Facility—The term "facility" includes a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility that provides reproductive health services, and includes the building or structure in which the facility is located. Interfere with—The term "interfere with" means to restrict a person's freedom of movement. Intimidate—The term "intimidate" means to place a person in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm to him or herself or to another. Physical obstruction—The term "physical obstruction" means rendering impassable entrance to or exit from a facility that provides reproductive health services or to or from a place of religious worship, or rendering passage to or from such a facility or place of religious worship unreasonably difficult or hazardous. Reproductive health services—The term "reproductive health services" means reproductive health services provided in a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility, and includes medical, surgical, counseling or referral services relating to the human reproductive system, including services relating to pregnancy or the termination of a pregnancy.
Учреждение – Термин "учреждение" включает в себя больницу, клинику, кабинет врача или другое учреждение, предоставляющее услуги в области репродуктивного здоровья, а также здание или сооружение, в котором находится данное учреждение.
The Act was passed in direct response to the escalation of violent tactics used by anti abortion activists that culminated in the "Spring of Life" at Buffalo Abortion Clinics, in April 1992 and chiefly sponsored by Representative Chuck Schumer (D NY), with Representative Constance Morella (R MD) as the chief co sponsor. A version of the bill was introduced in the Senate in March 1993, this one sponsored by Senator Edward Kennedy (D MA). A joint committee between the House and Senate combined the two bills shortly after, and then President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law which went into effect in May 1994. Facility—The term "facility" includes a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility that provides reproductive health services, and includes the building or structure in which the facility is located. Interfere with—The term "interfere with" means to restrict a person's freedom of movement. Intimidate—The term "intimidate" means to place a person in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm to him or herself or to another. Physical obstruction—The term "physical obstruction" means rendering impassable entrance to or exit from a facility that provides reproductive health services or to or from a place of religious worship, or rendering passage to or from such a facility or place of religious worship unreasonably difficult or hazardous. Reproductive health services—The term "reproductive health services" means reproductive health services provided in a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility, and includes medical, surgical, counseling or referral services relating to the human reproductive system, including services relating to pregnancy or the termination of a pregnancy.
Вмешательство – Термин "вмешательство" означает ограничение свободы передвижения лица.
The Act was passed in direct response to the escalation of violent tactics used by anti abortion activists that culminated in the "Spring of Life" at Buffalo Abortion Clinics, in April 1992 and chiefly sponsored by Representative Chuck Schumer (D NY), with Representative Constance Morella (R MD) as the chief co sponsor. A version of the bill was introduced in the Senate in March 1993, this one sponsored by Senator Edward Kennedy (D MA). A joint committee between the House and Senate combined the two bills shortly after, and then President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law which went into effect in May 1994. Facility—The term "facility" includes a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility that provides reproductive health services, and includes the building or structure in which the facility is located. Interfere with—The term "interfere with" means to restrict a person's freedom of movement. Intimidate—The term "intimidate" means to place a person in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm to him or herself or to another. Physical obstruction—The term "physical obstruction" means rendering impassable entrance to or exit from a facility that provides reproductive health services or to or from a place of religious worship, or rendering passage to or from such a facility or place of religious worship unreasonably difficult or hazardous. Reproductive health services—The term "reproductive health services" means reproductive health services provided in a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility, and includes medical, surgical, counseling or referral services relating to the human reproductive system, including services relating to pregnancy or the termination of a pregnancy.
Устрашение – Термин "устрашение" означает приведение лица в обоснованное опасение причинения телесных повреждений ему или другому лицу.
The Act was passed in direct response to the escalation of violent tactics used by anti abortion activists that culminated in the "Spring of Life" at Buffalo Abortion Clinics, in April 1992 and chiefly sponsored by Representative Chuck Schumer (D NY), with Representative Constance Morella (R MD) as the chief co sponsor. A version of the bill was introduced in the Senate in March 1993, this one sponsored by Senator Edward Kennedy (D MA). A joint committee between the House and Senate combined the two bills shortly after, and then President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law which went into effect in May 1994. Facility—The term "facility" includes a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility that provides reproductive health services, and includes the building or structure in which the facility is located. Interfere with—The term "interfere with" means to restrict a person's freedom of movement. Intimidate—The term "intimidate" means to place a person in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm to him or herself or to another. Physical obstruction—The term "physical obstruction" means rendering impassable entrance to or exit from a facility that provides reproductive health services or to or from a place of religious worship, or rendering passage to or from such a facility or place of religious worship unreasonably difficult or hazardous. Reproductive health services—The term "reproductive health services" means reproductive health services provided in a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility, and includes medical, surgical, counseling or referral services relating to the human reproductive system, including services relating to pregnancy or the termination of a pregnancy.
Физическое препятствие – Термин "физическое препятствие" означает создание непроходимости входа или выхода из учреждения, предоставляющего услуги в области репродуктивного здоровья, или из места отправления религиозного культа, либо создание необоснованно затруднительных или опасных условий для прохода в такое учреждение или место отправления религиозного культа.
The Act was passed in direct response to the escalation of violent tactics used by anti abortion activists that culminated in the "Spring of Life" at Buffalo Abortion Clinics, in April 1992 and chiefly sponsored by Representative Chuck Schumer (D NY), with Representative Constance Morella (R MD) as the chief co sponsor. A version of the bill was introduced in the Senate in March 1993, this one sponsored by Senator Edward Kennedy (D MA). A joint committee between the House and Senate combined the two bills shortly after, and then President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law which went into effect in May 1994. Facility—The term "facility" includes a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility that provides reproductive health services, and includes the building or structure in which the facility is located. Interfere with—The term "interfere with" means to restrict a person's freedom of movement. Intimidate—The term "intimidate" means to place a person in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm to him or herself or to another. Physical obstruction—The term "physical obstruction" means rendering impassable entrance to or exit from a facility that provides reproductive health services or to or from a place of religious worship, or rendering passage to or from such a facility or place of religious worship unreasonably difficult or hazardous. Reproductive health services—The term "reproductive health services" means reproductive health services provided in a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility, and includes medical, surgical, counseling or referral services relating to the human reproductive system, including services relating to pregnancy or the termination of a pregnancy.
Услуги в области репродуктивного здоровья – Термин "услуги в области репродуктивного здоровья" означает услуги в области репродуктивного здоровья, предоставляемые в больнице, клинике, кабинете врача или другом учреждении, и включают медицинские, хирургические, консультационные или направления, связанные с репродуктивной системой человека, включая услуги, касающиеся беременности или прерывания беременности.
The Act was passed in direct response to the escalation of violent tactics used by anti abortion activists that culminated in the "Spring of Life" at Buffalo Abortion Clinics, in April 1992 and chiefly sponsored by Representative Chuck Schumer (D NY), with Representative Constance Morella (R MD) as the chief co sponsor. A version of the bill was introduced in the Senate in March 1993, this one sponsored by Senator Edward Kennedy (D MA). A joint committee between the House and Senate combined the two bills shortly after, and then President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law which went into effect in May 1994. Facility—The term "facility" includes a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility that provides reproductive health services, and includes the building or structure in which the facility is located. Interfere with—The term "interfere with" means to restrict a person's freedom of movement. Intimidate—The term "intimidate" means to place a person in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm to him or herself or to another. Physical obstruction—The term "physical obstruction" means rendering impassable entrance to or exit from a facility that provides reproductive health services or to or from a place of religious worship, or rendering passage to or from such a facility or place of religious worship unreasonably difficult or hazardous. Reproductive health services—The term "reproductive health services" means reproductive health services provided in a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility, and includes medical, surgical, counseling or referral services relating to the human reproductive system, including services relating to pregnancy or the termination of a pregnancy.
Судебный контроль
В 1995 году Американская Лига Жизни попыталась оспорить Закон FACE в Окружном суде США по Восточному округу Вирджинии в деле American Life League, Inc. против Рино, но потерпела поражение, когда суд оставил Закон FACE в силе. После принятия Закона о свободе доступа к клиникам, несколько штатов приняли аналогичные законы. В Массачусетсе был принят Закон о репродуктивном здоровье, который был оспорен в федеральном суде и окончательно признан недействительным в деле МакКаллен против Коакли. Однако решение было сформулировано таким образом, чтобы не признать недействительным Закон FACE и другие законы штатов.
In 1995, American Life League attempted to challenge the FACE Act in The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in a case called American Life League, Inc. v. Reno, but lost when the court upheld the FACE Act. Following passage of the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, several states passed analogous laws. The Massachusetts act was the Reproductive Health Care Facilities Act, which was challenged in Federal Court and ultimately struck down in McCullen v. Coakley. However, the decision was narrowly tailored so as not to strike down the FACE Act and other state level laws.