CPT в США: Возможности и Критика Программы Практического Трудоустройства для Студентов

In the United States, Curricular Practical Training (CPT) provides temporary employment authorization for F 1 visa non immigrant foreign students while enrolled in a college level degree program. Students can receive employment authorization right after enrollment if the college deems the work "integral" to the student's study, such as a major course requirement or internship program. CPT allows students to work in both paid and unpaid jobs. The student must have secured the CPT opportunity prior to authorization. There is no fee for CPT work authorization. Students who receive more than a year of full time curricular practical training are ineligible for Optional Practical Training. Part time CPT students who work less than twenty hours a week are still eligible for OPT. In 2018, the number of employed international CPT students peaked at 151,525, a 147.7% increase from a decade prior when the number of CPT authorizations was 61,171. In 2021, there were 91,352 employed CPT workers, a 47% increase from a decade prior. In 2022, there were 129,849 CPT employment authorizations.

Students working with CPT authorization do not pay Social Security and Medicare taxes if they have been in the United States for less than five years. Employers also avoid paying payroll taxes and do not have to provide health insurance to CPT students.

Government officials have criticized the program because neither USCIS nor U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement have a direct role in determining whether the CPT work authorization is an “integral part of a curriculum."

Detractors of the CPT program has criticized it for being non transparent.

Critics have said the program provides entry level career opportunities to foreign students while not doing the same for American college students.

Many have criticized CPT for incentivizing diploma mill universities. In 2020, Immigration and Customs Enforcement set up the University of Farmington and arrested 250 foreign students for knowingly enrolling in the papermill college, which lacked teachers or classes. Many of the students enrolled in CPT to immediately gain work authorization in the U. S.