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Введение
Культура и традиции Кералы Культура Кералы развивалась на протяжении последних тысячелетий, под влиянием влияний из других частей Индии и за рубежом. Он определяется своей древностью и органической преемственностью, поддерживаемой малайским народом. Современное общество Кералы сформировалось в результате миграции из разных частей Индии и за рубежом на протяжении классической древности. Керала прослеживает свой не доисторический культурный генезис до своего членства (около 3 века н.э.) в смутно определенном историческом регионе, известном как Тамизхагом земля, определяемая общей тамильской культурой и охватывающая царства Чера, Чола и Пандия. В то время музыка, танец, язык (первый Дравида Бхаша "Дравидийский язык (возможно, прото-таммильский) " затем тамильский) и Сангам (обширный корпус тамильской литературы, составленный между 1500 и 2000 лет назад), найденный в Керале, были похожи на те, что были найдены в остальной части Тамизхагома (нынешнее Тамильнад). Культура Кералы развивалась через санскритизацию дравидского этиса, возрождение религиозных движений и движения за реформы против кастовой дискриминации. В Керале представлена уникальная культура, развитая благодаря адаптации, аккультурации и ассимиляции различных способностей цивилизованного образа жизни. Сильные общинные ценности, остроумие и признательность за социальный прогрессизм обычно связаны с малаяламской культурой.
Culture and traditions of Kerala
The culture of Kerala has developed over the past millennia, influences from other parts of India and abroad. It is defined by its antiquity and the organic continuity sustained by the Malayali people. Modern Kerala society took shape owing to migrations from different parts of India and abroad throughout Classical Antiquity. Kerala traces its non prehistoric cultural genesis to its membership (around the AD 3rd century) in a vaguely defined historical region known as Thamizhagom – a land defined by a common Tamil culture and encompassing the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms. At that time, the music, dance, language (first Dravida Bhasha – "Dravidian language (possibly Proto Tamil)" – then Tamil), and Sangam (a vast corpus of Tamil literature composed between 1,500–2,000 years ago) found in Kerala were all similar to that found in the rest of Thamizhagom (today's Tamil Nadu). The culture of Kerala evolved through the Sanskritization of Dravidian ethos, revivalism of religious movements and reform movements against caste discrimination. Kerala showcases a culture unique to itself developed through accommodation, acculturation and assimilation of various faculties of civilized lifestyle. Strong communitarian values, wit and an appreciation for social progressivism are commonly associated with Malayali Culture.
Исполнительские искусства
Местные традиции классического исполнительского искусства включают в себя кудияттам – форму санскритской драмы или театра, признанную ЮНЕСКО нематериальным культурным наследием человечества. Катхакали (от *katerumbu* – «история» и *kali* – «выступление») – это 500-летняя форма танцевальной драмы, интерпретирующей древние эпосы; популярным ответвлением от катакали является Керала-натанам (разработанный в XX веке танцором Гуру Гопинатом). Кутху, в свою очередь, представляет собой более легкомысленный вид представления, напоминающий современный стендап; это древнее искусство, изначально ограничивавшееся храмовыми святилищами, которое позднее популяризировал Мани Мадхава Чакьяр. К другим исполнительским искусствам Кералы относятся мохинияаттам («танец чаровницы») – изящный хореографический танец, исполняемый женщинами под музыкальное сопровождение, а также тхуллал, тираяттам, падаяни и тхейям. Тираяттам – одно из наиболее выдающихся этнических искусств Кералы. Это яркое ритуальное ежегодное представление, разыгрываемое во дворах *кавукаль* (священных рощ) и деревенских святилищ. В Керале также распространены различные племенные и народные формы искусства. Например, кумматикали – знаменитый красочный танец масок Южного Малабара, исполняемый во время фестиваля Онама. Танцы каньяр кали (также известные как десатукали) – это стремительные, воинственные танцы, исполняемые под ритмичные преданные народные песни и аккомпанемент асуравадьи. Значительное место занимают также различные жанры представлений на исламскую или христианскую тематику. К ним относится оппана, широко популярная среди мусульман Кералы, родом из Малабара. Оппана включает групповой танец, сопровождаемый ритмичным хлопаньем в ладоши и вишальскими вокализациями. Маргам Кали – один из древних круговых групповых танцев Кералы, практикуемый христианами Святого Фомы. Однако многие из этих традиционных видов искусства ориентированы преимущественно на туристов или исполняются на молодежных фестивалях и не пользуются большой популярностью среди обычных жителей Кералы. Поэтому в последние годы все большую популярность приобретают более современные формы, в том числе те, которые активно используют часто рискованные и политически некорректные мимикрии и пародии. Современные художники нередко используют эти приемы для высмеивания социально-экономической элиты. В последние десятилетия кино на языке малаялам, еще одна широко популярная форма художественного выражения, предложило самобытную и местную альтернативу Болливуду и Голливуду.
Native traditions of classical performing arts include koodiyattom, a form of Sanskrit drama or theatre and a UNESCO designated Human Heritage Art. Kathakali (from katerumbu ("story") and kali ("performance")) is a 500 year old form of dance drama that interprets ancient epics; a popularized offshoot of kathakali is Kerala natanam (developed in the 20th century by dancer Guru Gopinath). Meanwhile, koothu is a more light hearted performance mode, akin to modern stand up comedy; an ancient art originally confined to temple sanctuaries, it was later popularized by Mani Madhava Chakyar. Other Keralite performing arts include mohiniyaattam ("dance of the enchantress"), which is a type of graceful choreographed dance performed by women and accompanied by musical vocalizations. Thullal, Thirayattam, padayani, and theyyam are other important Keralite performing arts. Thirayattam is one of the most outstanding Ethnic art of Kerala. This vibrant ritualistic annual performing art form enacted in courtyards of "Kaavukal"(sacred groves) and village shrine. Kerala also has several tribal and folk art forms. For example, Kummattikali is the famous colorful mask dance of South Malabar, performed during the festival of Onam. The Kannyar Kali dances (also known as Desathukali) are fast moving, militant dances attuned to rhythmic devotional folk songs and asuravadyas. Also important are various performance genres that are Islam or Christianity themed. These include oppana, which is widely popular among Keralite Muslims and is native to Malabar. Oppana incorporates group dance accompanied by the beat of rhythmic hand clapping and Vishal vocalizations. Margam Kali is one of the ancient round group dance of Kerala practiced by Saint Thomas Christians. However, many of these native art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals and are not as popular among ordinary Keralites. Thus, more contemporary forms – including those heavily based on the use of often risqué and politically incorrect mimicry and parody – have gained considerable mass appeal in recent years. Indeed, contemporary artists often use such modes to mock socioeconomic elites. In recent decades, Malayalam cinema, yet another mode of widely popular artistic expression, have provided a distinct and indigenous Keralite alternative to both Bollywood and Hollywood.
Музыка
Раги и талы лирической и преданной карнатикской музыки – еще один исконный продукт Южной Индии – преобладают в классических музыкальных жанрах Кералы. Свати Тирунал Рама Варма, король Траванкора XIX века, меценат и композитор, сыграл ключевую роль в популяризации карнатикской музыки в ранней Керале. Помимо этого, в Керале существует собственная музыкальная система – сопанам, представляющая собой скорбное и постепенное исполнение песен, основанных на рагах. Например, именно сопанам обеспечивает фоновую музыку для Катхакали. Более широкая традиционная музыка Кералы также включает в себя мелам (включая варианты паанди и панчари) – стиль перкуссионной музыки, исполняемой на храмовых фестивалях с использованием инструмента ченда. В ансамблях, участвующих в конкретном представлении, может быть до 150 музыкантов, а каждое представление может длиться до четырех часов. Панчавадьям – это другой тип ударного ансамбля, состоящий из пяти видов ударных инструментов, которые на некоторых крупных фестивалях могут использовать до ста исполнителей. Помимо этого, перкуссионная музыка также связана с различными уникальными народными искусствами Кералы. И, наконец, популярная музыка Кералы, как и в остальной Индии, доминируется музыкой из индийского кино. Самое известное имя в музыкальной культуре Кералы – это имя великого индийского музыканта Шри К. Дж. Йесудаса.
The ragas and talas of lyrical and devotional Carnatic music – another native product of South India – dominates Keralite classical musical genres. Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, a 19th century king of Travancore and patron and composer of music, was instrumental in popularising carnatic music in early Kerala. Additionally, Kerala has its own native music system, sopanam, which is a lugubrious and step by step rendition of raga based songs. It is Sopanam, for example, that provides the background music used in Kathakali. The wider traditional music of Kerala also includes melam (including the paandi and panchari variants), as style of percussive music performed at temple centered festivals using an instrument known as the chenda. Up to 150 musicians may comprise the ensembles staging a given performance; each performance, in turn, may last up to four hours. Panchavadyam is a differing type of percussion ensemble consisting of five types of percussion instruments; these can be utilised by up to one hundred artists in certain major festivals. In addition to these, percussive music is also associated with various uniquely Keralite folk arts forms. Lastly, the popular music of Kerala – as in the rest of India – is dominated by the filmi music of Indian cinema. The most remembered name in Kerala music culture is of Great Indian musician Sri K. J. Yesudas.
Фольклор
Фольклор Кералы включает элементы традиционного образа жизни народа Кералы. Традиционные верования, обычаи, ритуалы и т. д. отражены в народном искусстве и песнях Кералы. В Керале существует богатая традиция фольклора. Фольклор в этом регионе – это спонтанное выражение человеческого поведения и мыслей. В общем смысле, фольклор можно определить как знания простых людей, которые были маргинализированы во времена правления феодальных королей. У жителей Кералы есть своя культура и предания, которые в основном были связаны с сельским хозяйством. Посев, посадка рассады (нхару), прополка, сбор урожая и т. д. – это различные этапы сельскохозяйственных работ, имеющие свои типичные ритуалы. Нжатупатту – это песни, которые поют во время посадки рассады. Их сопровождают многочисленные песни и представления. Каньяр Кали, Падайани, Мудиетту, Тирайаттам, Малавайияттам, Тейям, Котаммуриаттам, Нира, Путари и т. д. – это примеры ритуального фольклора Кералы. Развитие фольклора происходило под властью Колатири, королей Колатунаду, которые кодифицировали ритуалы, верования, табу и народное исполнительское искусство. Колатири определяли даже даты конкретных ритуалов плодородия и народных представлений, многие из которых продолжаются и сегодня. Фестивали Тейям и сейчас проводятся в соответствии с датами, установленными королем. Народное искусство Кералы можно условно разделить на две категории: ритуальное и неритуальное. Ритуальное народное искусство, в свою очередь, подразделяется на две подкатегории: религиозное и магическое. Религиозное народное искусство исполняется для умилостивления конкретного бога или богини. Тейям, Тирайаттам, Путамтир, Каньяркали, Кумматти и т. д. – примеры такого искусства. Формы, как панаппатту и тоттампатту, создаются в форме песен. В колкали, маргамкали, даффмуттуккали и т. д. ритуальный элемент не так ярко выражен. Магическое народное искусство направлено на обеспечение общего процветания общины, изгнание злых духов или помощь в зачатии детей. Гандхарвам и нагам поклоняются, чтобы получить эти благословения. К магическому народному искусству относятся памбинтуллал, пуппадатхуллал, коламтуллал, малаянкетту и т. д.
The folklore of Kerala includes elements from the traditional lifestyle of the people of Kerala. The traditional beliefs, customs, rituals etc. are reflected in the folkart and songs of Kerala. Kerala has a rich tradition of Folklore. Folklore in this region is a spontaneous expression of human behavior and thoughts. Generally speaking, Folklore could be defined as the lore of the common people who had been marginalized during the reign of feudal Kings. The Keralites have their culture and lore which were mostly part of agricultural. Sowing, planting of nharu (seedling), clearing out the weeds, harvests etc. are the different stages of agriculture which have their typical rituals. Njattupattu are songs sung during the seedling time. Numerous songs and performing arts are accompanied with them. Kanyar Kali, Padayani, Mudiyettu, Thirayattam, Malavayiyattam, Theyyam, Kothamooriyattam, Nira, Puthari, etc. are some of the ritual folklore of Kerala. It was under the rule of Kolathiris, the Kings of Kolathunadu, and they codified the rituals, beliefs, taboos and folk performing arts. Even the dates of specific fertility rituals and folk performances were decided by the Kolathiris of which many are continuing even today. The Theyyam festivals, even now, are conducted as per the dates once fixed by the King. The folk arts of Kerala can be broadly classified under two heads: ritualistic and non ritualistic. Ritualistic folk arts can be further divided into two: devotional and magical. Devotional folk arts are performed to propitiate a particular God or Goddess. Theyyam, thirayattam, poothamthira, kanyarkali, kummatti, etc., are some of them. Forms like panappattu and thottampattu are composed in the form of songs. In kolkali, margamkali, daffumuttukkali, etc., the ritualistic element is not very strong. Magical folk arts seek to win general prosperity for a community or exorcise evil spirits or to beget children. Gandharvas and nagas are worshipped in order to win these favours. The magical folk arts include pambinthullal, pooppadathullal, kolamthullal, malayankettu, etc. Theyyam: Theyyam is a traditional ritualistic dance form from the northern part of Kerala, India, that is believed to have originated over 1,500 years ago. It is a vibrant and colorful art form that involves elaborate makeup, costumes, and dance performances that are often accompanied by music and chanting. The dance form is performed by male members of certain communities and is believed to invoke the powers of gods and goddesses to bless the community with prosperity and protection. Theyyam is an integral part of the cultural heritage of Kerala and is performed during the winter months between October and May. Padayani is a traditional folk art form from the southern part of Kerala, India, that involves elaborate processions and performances. It is usually performed during the festival of Onam, which falls in the month of August or September. The art form involves the use of masks, costumes, and props, and the performers dance to the beats of traditional percussion instruments like chenda and thakil. The masks used in Padayani are usually made of wood, bamboo, or clay and are adorned with bright colors and intricate designs. The performance is usually based on mythological stories or social issues and is intended to entertain and educate the audience. Padayani is an important cultural tradition in Kerala and is recognized as an important form of community expression and identity. Thirayattam is a traditional folk art form from the southern Indian state of Kerala. It is a ritualistic performance that is usually performed in the courtyards of temples dedicated to goddesses like Kali, Durga, and Bhadrakali. The performance involves elaborate costumes and makeup, and the performers dance to the beats of traditional percussion instruments like chenda and thakil. Thirayattam is performed by members of certain communities and is believed to invoke the powers of goddesses to bless the community with prosperity and protection. The art form is an integral part of the cultural heritage of Kerala and is usually performed during the festival of Onam, which falls in the month of August or September.
Тейям: Тейям – это традиционная ритуальная форма танца из северной части Кералы, Индия, которая, по преданию, возникла более 1500 лет назад. Это яркое и красочное искусство, включающее сложный грим, костюмы и танцевальные представления, часто сопровождаемые музыкой и пением. Этот танец исполняется мужчинами из определенных общин и, как считается, призывает силы богов и богинь для благословения общины процветанием и защитой. Тейям является неотъемлемой частью культурного наследия Кералы и исполняется в зимние месяцы с октября по май.
The folklore of Kerala includes elements from the traditional lifestyle of the people of Kerala. The traditional beliefs, customs, rituals etc. are reflected in the folkart and songs of Kerala. Kerala has a rich tradition of Folklore. Folklore in this region is a spontaneous expression of human behavior and thoughts. Generally speaking, Folklore could be defined as the lore of the common people who had been marginalized during the reign of feudal Kings. The Keralites have their culture and lore which were mostly part of agricultural. Sowing, planting of nharu (seedling), clearing out the weeds, harvests etc. are the different stages of agriculture which have their typical rituals. Njattupattu are songs sung during the seedling time. Numerous songs and performing arts are accompanied with them. Kanyar Kali, Padayani, Mudiyettu, Thirayattam, Malavayiyattam, Theyyam, Kothamooriyattam, Nira, Puthari, etc. are some of the ritual folklore of Kerala. It was under the rule of Kolathiris, the Kings of Kolathunadu, and they codified the rituals, beliefs, taboos and folk performing arts. Even the dates of specific fertility rituals and folk performances were decided by the Kolathiris of which many are continuing even today. The Theyyam festivals, even now, are conducted as per the dates once fixed by the King. The folk arts of Kerala can be broadly classified under two heads: ritualistic and non ritualistic. Ritualistic folk arts can be further divided into two: devotional and magical. Devotional folk arts are performed to propitiate a particular God or Goddess. Theyyam, thirayattam, poothamthira, kanyarkali, kummatti, etc., are some of them. Forms like panappattu and thottampattu are composed in the form of songs. In kolkali, margamkali, daffumuttukkali, etc., the ritualistic element is not very strong. Magical folk arts seek to win general prosperity for a community or exorcise evil spirits or to beget children. Gandharvas and nagas are worshipped in order to win these favours. The magical folk arts include pambinthullal, pooppadathullal, kolamthullal, malayankettu, etc. Theyyam: Theyyam is a traditional ritualistic dance form from the northern part of Kerala, India, that is believed to have originated over 1,500 years ago. It is a vibrant and colorful art form that involves elaborate makeup, costumes, and dance performances that are often accompanied by music and chanting. The dance form is performed by male members of certain communities and is believed to invoke the powers of gods and goddesses to bless the community with prosperity and protection. Theyyam is an integral part of the cultural heritage of Kerala and is performed during the winter months between October and May. Padayani is a traditional folk art form from the southern part of Kerala, India, that involves elaborate processions and performances. It is usually performed during the festival of Onam, which falls in the month of August or September. The art form involves the use of masks, costumes, and props, and the performers dance to the beats of traditional percussion instruments like chenda and thakil. The masks used in Padayani are usually made of wood, bamboo, or clay and are adorned with bright colors and intricate designs. The performance is usually based on mythological stories or social issues and is intended to entertain and educate the audience. Padayani is an important cultural tradition in Kerala and is recognized as an important form of community expression and identity. Thirayattam is a traditional folk art form from the southern Indian state of Kerala. It is a ritualistic performance that is usually performed in the courtyards of temples dedicated to goddesses like Kali, Durga, and Bhadrakali. The performance involves elaborate costumes and makeup, and the performers dance to the beats of traditional percussion instruments like chenda and thakil. Thirayattam is performed by members of certain communities and is believed to invoke the powers of goddesses to bless the community with prosperity and protection. The art form is an integral part of the cultural heritage of Kerala and is usually performed during the festival of Onam, which falls in the month of August or September.
Падайани – это традиционная форма народного искусства из южной части Кералы, Индия, включающая сложные процессии и представления. Обычно она исполняется во время фестиваля Онама, который приходится на август или сентябрь. В этом виде искусства используются маски, костюмы и реквизит, а исполнители танцуют под ритмы традиционных ударных инструментов, таких как ченда и такил. Маски, используемые в Падайани, обычно изготавливаются из дерева, бамбука или глины и украшены яркими цветами и сложными узорами. Представление обычно основано на мифологических историях или социальных проблемах и призвано развлекать и просвещать зрителей. Падайани является важной культурной традицией в Керале и признается важной формой самовыражения и идентичности общины.
The folklore of Kerala includes elements from the traditional lifestyle of the people of Kerala. The traditional beliefs, customs, rituals etc. are reflected in the folkart and songs of Kerala. Kerala has a rich tradition of Folklore. Folklore in this region is a spontaneous expression of human behavior and thoughts. Generally speaking, Folklore could be defined as the lore of the common people who had been marginalized during the reign of feudal Kings. The Keralites have their culture and lore which were mostly part of agricultural. Sowing, planting of nharu (seedling), clearing out the weeds, harvests etc. are the different stages of agriculture which have their typical rituals. Njattupattu are songs sung during the seedling time. Numerous songs and performing arts are accompanied with them. Kanyar Kali, Padayani, Mudiyettu, Thirayattam, Malavayiyattam, Theyyam, Kothamooriyattam, Nira, Puthari, etc. are some of the ritual folklore of Kerala. It was under the rule of Kolathiris, the Kings of Kolathunadu, and they codified the rituals, beliefs, taboos and folk performing arts. Even the dates of specific fertility rituals and folk performances were decided by the Kolathiris of which many are continuing even today. The Theyyam festivals, even now, are conducted as per the dates once fixed by the King. The folk arts of Kerala can be broadly classified under two heads: ritualistic and non ritualistic. Ritualistic folk arts can be further divided into two: devotional and magical. Devotional folk arts are performed to propitiate a particular God or Goddess. Theyyam, thirayattam, poothamthira, kanyarkali, kummatti, etc., are some of them. Forms like panappattu and thottampattu are composed in the form of songs. In kolkali, margamkali, daffumuttukkali, etc., the ritualistic element is not very strong. Magical folk arts seek to win general prosperity for a community or exorcise evil spirits or to beget children. Gandharvas and nagas are worshipped in order to win these favours. The magical folk arts include pambinthullal, pooppadathullal, kolamthullal, malayankettu, etc. Theyyam: Theyyam is a traditional ritualistic dance form from the northern part of Kerala, India, that is believed to have originated over 1,500 years ago. It is a vibrant and colorful art form that involves elaborate makeup, costumes, and dance performances that are often accompanied by music and chanting. The dance form is performed by male members of certain communities and is believed to invoke the powers of gods and goddesses to bless the community with prosperity and protection. Theyyam is an integral part of the cultural heritage of Kerala and is performed during the winter months between October and May. Padayani is a traditional folk art form from the southern part of Kerala, India, that involves elaborate processions and performances. It is usually performed during the festival of Onam, which falls in the month of August or September. The art form involves the use of masks, costumes, and props, and the performers dance to the beats of traditional percussion instruments like chenda and thakil. The masks used in Padayani are usually made of wood, bamboo, or clay and are adorned with bright colors and intricate designs. The performance is usually based on mythological stories or social issues and is intended to entertain and educate the audience. Padayani is an important cultural tradition in Kerala and is recognized as an important form of community expression and identity. Thirayattam is a traditional folk art form from the southern Indian state of Kerala. It is a ritualistic performance that is usually performed in the courtyards of temples dedicated to goddesses like Kali, Durga, and Bhadrakali. The performance involves elaborate costumes and makeup, and the performers dance to the beats of traditional percussion instruments like chenda and thakil. Thirayattam is performed by members of certain communities and is believed to invoke the powers of goddesses to bless the community with prosperity and protection. The art form is an integral part of the cultural heritage of Kerala and is usually performed during the festival of Onam, which falls in the month of August or September.
Тирайаттам – традиционная форма народного искусства из южного индийского штата Керала. Это ритуальное представление, которое обычно исполняется во дворах храмов, посвященных богиням, таким как Кали, Дурга и Бхадракали. В представлении используются сложные костюмы и грим, а исполнители танцуют под ритмы традиционных ударных инструментов, таких как ченда и такил. Тирайаттам исполняется членами определенных общин и, как считается, призывает силы богинь для благословения общины процветанием и защитой. Эта форма искусства является неотъемлемой частью культурного наследия Кералы и обычно исполняется во время фестиваля Онама, который приходится на август или сентябрь.
The folklore of Kerala includes elements from the traditional lifestyle of the people of Kerala. The traditional beliefs, customs, rituals etc. are reflected in the folkart and songs of Kerala. Kerala has a rich tradition of Folklore. Folklore in this region is a spontaneous expression of human behavior and thoughts. Generally speaking, Folklore could be defined as the lore of the common people who had been marginalized during the reign of feudal Kings. The Keralites have their culture and lore which were mostly part of agricultural. Sowing, planting of nharu (seedling), clearing out the weeds, harvests etc. are the different stages of agriculture which have their typical rituals. Njattupattu are songs sung during the seedling time. Numerous songs and performing arts are accompanied with them. Kanyar Kali, Padayani, Mudiyettu, Thirayattam, Malavayiyattam, Theyyam, Kothamooriyattam, Nira, Puthari, etc. are some of the ritual folklore of Kerala. It was under the rule of Kolathiris, the Kings of Kolathunadu, and they codified the rituals, beliefs, taboos and folk performing arts. Even the dates of specific fertility rituals and folk performances were decided by the Kolathiris of which many are continuing even today. The Theyyam festivals, even now, are conducted as per the dates once fixed by the King. The folk arts of Kerala can be broadly classified under two heads: ritualistic and non ritualistic. Ritualistic folk arts can be further divided into two: devotional and magical. Devotional folk arts are performed to propitiate a particular God or Goddess. Theyyam, thirayattam, poothamthira, kanyarkali, kummatti, etc., are some of them. Forms like panappattu and thottampattu are composed in the form of songs. In kolkali, margamkali, daffumuttukkali, etc., the ritualistic element is not very strong. Magical folk arts seek to win general prosperity for a community or exorcise evil spirits or to beget children. Gandharvas and nagas are worshipped in order to win these favours. The magical folk arts include pambinthullal, pooppadathullal, kolamthullal, malayankettu, etc. Theyyam: Theyyam is a traditional ritualistic dance form from the northern part of Kerala, India, that is believed to have originated over 1,500 years ago. It is a vibrant and colorful art form that involves elaborate makeup, costumes, and dance performances that are often accompanied by music and chanting. The dance form is performed by male members of certain communities and is believed to invoke the powers of gods and goddesses to bless the community with prosperity and protection. Theyyam is an integral part of the cultural heritage of Kerala and is performed during the winter months between October and May. Padayani is a traditional folk art form from the southern part of Kerala, India, that involves elaborate processions and performances. It is usually performed during the festival of Onam, which falls in the month of August or September. The art form involves the use of masks, costumes, and props, and the performers dance to the beats of traditional percussion instruments like chenda and thakil. The masks used in Padayani are usually made of wood, bamboo, or clay and are adorned with bright colors and intricate designs. The performance is usually based on mythological stories or social issues and is intended to entertain and educate the audience. Padayani is an important cultural tradition in Kerala and is recognized as an important form of community expression and identity. Thirayattam is a traditional folk art form from the southern Indian state of Kerala. It is a ritualistic performance that is usually performed in the courtyards of temples dedicated to goddesses like Kali, Durga, and Bhadrakali. The performance involves elaborate costumes and makeup, and the performers dance to the beats of traditional percussion instruments like chenda and thakil. Thirayattam is performed by members of certain communities and is believed to invoke the powers of goddesses to bless the community with prosperity and protection. The art form is an integral part of the cultural heritage of Kerala and is usually performed during the festival of Onam, which falls in the month of August or September.
Онам
(Малаялам: ഓണം) Онам – это пышный праздник урожая, отмечаемый жителями Кералы, Индии. Он также является государственным праздником Кералы, с четырьмя днями государственных выходных, начиная с кануна Онама (Утрадом) и заканчивая четвёртым днём Онама. Фестиваль Онам приходится на месяц Чингам по малаяламскому календарю (август – сентябрь) и посвящён празднованию аватары Вишну в образе Ваманы и последующему возвращению царя Махабали, которого жители Кералы считают справедливым и благочестивым правителем, изгнанным в подземный мир. Онам напоминает об аграрном прошлом Кералы, поскольку считается праздником урожая. Это один из фестивалей, богатых культурными традициями. К ним относятся Валлам Кали, Пуликкали, Пооккалам, Онаттхаппан, Тхумби Тхуллал, Онавиллу, Кажчаккула, Онапотан, Аттачамайяме и другие. Ещё одной отличительной чертой фестиваля является «Онам Садхья» (праздничное угощение Онама), состоящее из множества блюд, подаваемых на банановом листе, и «Онам Коди» (новый наряд для этого особого случая). Обычно Онам Садхья включает в себя многочисленные гарниры к рису, а Онам Коди – традиционную одежду. И то, и другое с нетерпением ожидается молодёжью.
(Malayalam: ഓണം) Onam is a harvest festival celebrated extravagantly by the people of Kerala, India. It is also the state festival of Kerala with State holidays on 4 days starting from Onam Eve (Uthradom) to the 4th Onam Day. Onam Festival falls during the Malayalam month of Chingam (Aug – Sep) and marks the commemoration of Vamana avatara of Vishnu and the subsequent homecoming of King Mahabali, who Malayalees consider to be just and fair King who was exiled to the underworld. Onam is reminiscent of Kerala's agrarian past, as it is considered to be a harvest festival. It is one of the festivals celebrated with the most number of cultural elements. Some of them are Vallam Kali, Pulikkali, Pookkalam, Onatthappan, Thumbi Thullal, Onavillu, Kazhchakkula, Onapottan, Atthachamayame etc. Another distinct feature of the festival is 'Onam Sadhya' (Onam Feast) and consists of numerous dishes served on a banana leaf and 'Onam Kodi' (new dress for the special occasion). Usual the Onam Sadhya consist of numerous side dishes along with rice and Onam Kodi is traditional dress. Both are eagerly observed by the youth with excitement.
Политика
Люди в Керале очень увлекаются политикой. Большинство кералитов поддерживают один из политических альянсов – Объединенный демократический фронт (UDF) или Левый демократический фронт (LDF). Региональные партии, такие как Индийская мусульманская лига (IUML), различные фракции Керальского конгресса, различные фракции Революционной социалистической партии и множество других небольших партий, придают остроту политической жизни Кералы. Религиозные лидеры оказывают значительное влияние на политические движения в Керале. Для многих кералитов с ностальгией вспоминаются политические дискуссии и дебаты, которые они вели в чая-када (местные чайные, куда молодежь заходила выпить чаю и почитать газеты) в молодости.
The people of Kerala are very fond of politics. Majority of keralites belong to either one of the political alliances namely United Democratic Front (UDF) or Left Democratic Front (LDF). Regional parties such as Indian Union Muslim League (IUML), various factions of Kerala Congress, various factions of Revolutionary Socialist Party and a host of smaller parties add spice to Kerala political scene. Religious leaders have high influence in Kerala political movements. For many Keralites it is nostalgic to remember the political discussions and debates they had done in the chaya kada (local tea shops were youngsters go to sip a cup and read newspapers) in their younger ages.
Боевые искусства и спорт
В Керале также существует собственная традиционная форма боевого искусства – Каларипаятту, название которого происходит от слов «калари» («место», «толокушка» или «поле боя») и «паятту» («упражнение» или «тренировка»). Находившись под влиянием брахманской традиции Кералы и аюрведической медицины, Каларипаятту, согласно преданиям, приписывается Парасураме. После почти двух столетий подавления британскими колониальными властями, сейчас искусство переживает мощный ренессанс среди жителей Кералы и одновременно приобретает все большую известность во всем мире. К другим популярным ритуальным искусствам относятся теям и пуараккали – они возникли в северном Малабаре, самой северной части Кералы. Однако в наши дни эти искусства во многом уступили место более популярным видам спорта, таким как крикет, кабадди, футбол, бадминтон и другие. Футбольный клуб «Кочи Тускерс Керала», выступающий в Индийской премьер-лиге (IPL), представляет Кералу. Колккали – это народное искусство, исполняемое в регионе Малабар, Керала, Индия. Исполнители танца двигаются по кругу, ударяя небольшими палками и выдерживая ритм с помощью специальных шагов. В настоящее время в Керале базируются футбольные клубы Kerala Blasters и Gokulam Kerala FC. Viva Kerala и FC Kochin были двумя другими крупными футбольными клубами штата в прошлом.
Kerala also has its own indigenous form of martial art – Kalarippayattu, derived from the words kalari ("place", "threshing floor", or "battlefield") and payattu ("exercise" or "practice"). Influenced by both Kerala's Brahminical past and Ayurvedic medicine, kalaripayattu is attributed by oral tradition to Parasurama. After some two centuries of suppression by British colonial authorities, it is now experiencing strong comeback among Keralites while also steadily gaining worldwide attention. Other popular ritual arts include theyyam and poorakkali – these originate from northern Malabar, which is the northernmost part of Kerala. Nevertheless, these have in modern times been largely supplanted by more popular sports such as cricket, kabaddi, soccer, badminton, and others. 'Kochi Tuskers Kerala' playing in the Indian Premier League (IPL) is from Kerala. Kolkkali is a folk art performed in Malabar region of Kerala, India. The dance performers move in a circle, striking small sticks and keeping rhythm with special steps. Kerala is currently the home of the football clubs Kerala Blasters and Gokulam Kerala FC. Viva Kerala and FC Kochin were the other two major football clubs from the state in the past.
Календарь
В Керале также существует исконный древний солнечный календарь – календарь малаялам, – который используется в различных общинах главным образом для определения сроков сельскохозяйственных и религиозных мероприятий.
Kerala also has an indigenous ancient solar calendar – the Malayalam calendar – which is used in various communities primarily for timing agricultural and religious activities.
Слоны в культуре Кералы
Слоны являются неотъемлемой частью культуры и повседневной жизни в Керале. Эти индийские слоны занимают почетное место в культуре штата. Их часто нарекают именами, под которыми они известны во всем штате. Слонов в Керале часто называют «сыновьями Сахьи» и они незаменимы для храмовых фестивалей. Слон является государственным животным Кералы и изображен на гербе правительства штата. Сарпа Каву (означает Священную рощу змеи) – это типичная небольшая традиционная роща деревьев, встречающаяся в штате Керала на юге Индии. В этих нетронутых рощах обычно встречаются изображения нескольких Нага-деватов (змеиных божеств), которым поклонялись общинные семьи или таравады. Это было частью Нагарадханы (поклонения змеям), распространенной среди жителей Кералы на протяжении веков. Эту практику исповедовали почти все индуистские общины Кералы, от брахманов Намбудири до племенных общин. В Керале большое количество храмов. Храмы ежегодно отмечают фестивали, которые уникальны не только для региона, но и иногда обладают особенностями, присущими каждому конкретному храму. Каждый храм повествует об интересной истории своего создания. В Малабаре уникальная форма искусства под названием Тейям привлекает туристов, а вместе с храмовыми фестивалями проводятся и небольшие карнавалы. Жители и жертвователи храма с гордостью участвуют в храмовых фестивалях и отмечают их с большим размахом. Триссур Пурам – один из самых популярных храмовых фестивалей.
The elephants are an integral part of the culture and daily life in Kerala. These Indian elephants are given a prestigious place in the state's culture. They are often christened names by which they're known across the entire state. Elephants in Kerala are often referred to as the 'sons of the sahya''' and are indispensable for temple festivals. The elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the Government of Kerala. Sarpa Kavu (meaning Sacred Grove of the Serpent) is a typically small traditional grove of trees seen in the Kerala state of South India. These pristine groves usually have representations of several Naga Devatas (serpent gods), which were worshipped by the joint families or taravads. This was part of Nagaradhana'' (snake worship) which was prevalent among Keralites during past centuries. It had been practised by nearly every Hindu community in Kerala ranging from Nambudiri Brahmins to tribal communities. Kerala has a large number of temples. The temples celebrate annual festivals which are not only unique to the region but sometimes have features that are unique to each temple. Each temple describes each interesting history behind its creation. In the Malabar, distinct art form called Theyyam attract tourists, and mini carnivals are also held along with temple festivals. Temple festivals are taken up with great pride by the residents and patrons of the temple and celebrated with much ado. Thrissur pooram is one of the most popular among the temple festivals.