Оппозиция в Альберте: История и особенности

The leader of the Official Opposition, formally known as the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, is the member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) who leads the Official Opposition, typically the second largest party in the provincial legislature. Rachel Notley, who leads the New Democratic Party (NDP), has served as the leader of the Opposition since April 30, 2019. Alberta has enjoyed long periods of stable government rule, and has elected massive government majority during almost every election in its history. In most other legislatures in Canada, the opposition party is traditionally recognized as a government in waiting, and will alternate periods of government among two or three parties. In Alberta however the opposition has traditionally been very small in terms of seat numbers, and highly unstable in terms of party leadership. Until Jason Kenney's United Conservative Party (UCP) formed government in 2019, Peter Lougheed was the only leader of the Opposition who has ever gone on to become Premier of Alberta. Until 2019, Harry Strom, whom Lougheed defeated, was the only premier who has ever gone on to serve as opposition leader.

In the early years of the provincial legislature the opposition was dominated by the Conservative Party. This was a party built on remnants of the old Territorial Conservative Association. The party started out in 1905 forming opposition with only 2 seats in the legislative assembly, and proportionally grew as much as 20 seats in 1921 as Albertans grew tired of the scandals of the Liberal government. The Conservatives looked poised to form government after a strong showing in the 1917 general election,. However both the Liberals and Conservatives were wiped out of the legislature in the 1921 general election by the United Farmers of Alberta. Albertans still distrusting of old line dominion parties opted instead for a new party that had third party status as the Non Partisan League of Alberta and later became the United Farmers. With the Conservatives wiped out of the legislature the Liberals formed the opposition from 1921 to 1926 confined to the cities of Calgary and Edmonton. The Liberals were helped by the fact that the United Farmers did not typically run candidates in the cities. From 1926 to 1940 there was no official opposition leader due to a Speaker's ruling that divided the Official Opposition funding between all the party leaders. However the Liberals remained the largest opposition party during this period. A brand new party, Social Credit under William Aberhart, swept to power in the 1935 provincial election never previously having had a seat in the legislature while the United Farmers were completely wiped out.

Opposition through the 1940s was dominated by the Unity Movement a coalition by Liberal and Conservatives and some former UFA supporters organized by former UFA MP Alfred Speakman to run candidates as Independents, in the 1940 Alberta general election the movement was successful at forming a large opposition that nearly equaled the popular vote of the ruling Alberta Social Credit Party. The Independents however turned out to be conflicted and hard to sustain as a united force. From 1940 to 1944 the leaders of the opposition changed with every legislative session. The Independents were promoted through a third party group known as the Independent Citizen's Association. The last Independent opposition leader John Percy Page ran for the Citizen's Association in 1948 but was defeated, ending the Unity Movement. The Independents' popularity started to decline in the late 1940s with newfound prosperity in Alberta and satisfaction with new Premier Ernest Manning as well as the province's business elite and newspaper editorial boards preferring to back Social Credit rather than risk the socialist Co operative Commonwealth Federation of Alberta coming to power as they had in Saskatchewan in 1944. The Liberal Party's support grew as support for the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada declined. The Liberals formed the official opposition from 1951 until the 1967 general election when the Progressive Conservatives shocked the province by winning 6 seats. In the 1959 general election, 3 opposition parties managed to each win one seat in the legislature, no opposition leader was named until after the 1963 general election. The Progressive Conservatives led by Peter Lougheed grew to 10 members through winning 2 by elections and 2 floor crossings. The Progressive Conservatives defeated the 35 year rule of Social Credit in the 1971 general election and held government until 2015.

From 1971 to 1982 the remains of the former Social Credit government held the opposition, but they were unable to make a smooth transition and did not elect any new members in this period. Having spent virtually all of its history as the ruling party, they were unprepared for a role outside of government and sank into near paralysis in opposition. The party collapsed in 1982, when its last two caucus members left to sit as independents. The party has not been a significant force in Alberta since. After the 1982 general election the speaker of the Legislative Assembly had to make a controversial ruling: whether to accept the two former Social Credit members' bid to become the official opposition, or decide if it should go to the NDP, which held two seats. The speaker ruled in favour of the NDP. The new opposition status would help the party grow to 16 seats from 1986 to 1993 until they were wiped out of the legislature by popular Liberal leader Laurence Decore. The Liberals once again became the official opposition for the first time since 1967 under Laurence Decore, who helped the Liberals soar to popularity not seen since the early 1900s. Decore however did not last long as his health started to fail, and as he was pressured by party insiders to resign since many in the caucus were disappointed that they did not win the 1993 election. The Liberal party lost popularity as the Progressive Conservatives recovered support under Ralph Klein. In the 2004 general election the Liberals gained 16 seats under Kevin Taft. The Liberals held onto official opposition until 2012, when they were replaced by the Wildrose Party under Danielle Smith in the 2012 general election. On December 17, 2014, most of the Wildrose caucus, including Smith, crossed the floor to the Progressive Conservative government, leaving the Wildrose and Liberal parties tied with 5 seats each. The Liberals petitioned the speaker to be declared the Official Opposition but on December 23, 2014, Speaker Gene Zwozdesky ruled that Wildrose would keep Official Opposition status due to incumbency.

No. Portrait NameElectoral district(Birth–Death) Term of officePartyTerm startTerm end1Albert RobertsonMLA for High River(1864–1952)March 15,1906February 25,1909Conservative2R. B. BennettMLA for Calgary(1870–1947)February 10,1910May 26,1910Conservative3Edward MichenerMLA for Red Deer(1869–1947)November 10,1910April 5,1917Conservative4George HoadleyMLA for Okotoks(1867–1955)February 7,1918April 17,1919Conservative5James RamseyMLA for Edmonton East(1864–1939)February 17,1920April 10,1920Conservative6John Robert BoyleMLA for Edmonton(1871–1936)February 2,1922April 12,1924Liberal7Charles Richmond MitchellMLA for Bow Valley(1872–1942)February 19,1925March 12,1926Liberal8John C. BowenMLA for Edmonton(1872–1957)March 15,1926June 28,1926LiberalNo Official Opposition leader1926–19419James H. WalkerMLA for Warner(1885–1954)February 22,1941April 8,1941Independent Movement10Alfred SpeakmanMLA for Red Deer(1880–1943)January 29,1942March 19,1942Independent Movement11James MahaffyMLA for Calgary(1905–1986)February 18,1943March 30,1943Independent Movement(9)James H. WalkerMLA for Warner(1885–1954)February 10,1944March 24,1944Independent Movement12John Percy PageMLA for Edmonton(1887–1973)February 22,1945August 17,1948Independent Citizen's AssociationNo Official Opposition leader1948–195213James Harper ProwseMLA for Edmonton(1913–1976)February 21,1952April 15,1958Liberal14Grant MacEwanMLA for Calgary(1902–2000)February 5,1959April 17,1959LiberalNo Official Opposition leader1959–196415Michael MaccagnoMLA for Lac La Biche(1914–2000)February 13,1964April 11,1967Liberal16Peter LougheedMLA for Calgary West(1928–2012)February 15,1968April 27,1971Progressive Conservative17Harry StromMLA for Cypress(1914–1984)December 10,1971November 22,1972Social Credit18James Douglas HendersonMLA for Wetaskiwin Leduc(1927–2020)February 15,1973August 21,1973Social Credit19Robert Curtis ClarkMLA for Olds Didsbury(1937–2020)September 15,1973November 28,1980Social Credit20Raymond SpeakerMLA for Little Bow(born 1935)December 16,1980November 1,1982Social Credit21Grant NotleyMLA for Spirit River Fairview(1939–1984)November 2,1982October 19,1984New Democratic22Ray MartinMLA for Edmonton Norwood(born 1941)November 6,1984June 14,1993New Democratic23Laurence DecoreMLA for Edmonton Glengarry(1940–1999)June 15,1993July 15,1994Liberal24Grant MitchellMLA for Edmonton McClung(born 1951)November 12,1994April 17,1998Liberal–Howard SapersMLA for Edmonton Glenora(born 1957)(Acting)April 21,1998July 6,1998Liberal25Nancy MacBethMLA for Edmonton McClung(born 1948)July 7,1998March 11,2001Liberal26Ken NicolMLA for Lethbridge East(born 1944)March 15,2001March 26,2004Liberal27Kevin TaftMLA for Edmonton Riverview(born 1955)March 27,2004December 14,2008Liberal28David SwannMLA for Calgary Mountain View(born 1949)December 15,2008September 10,2011Liberal29Raj ShermanMLA for Edmonton Meadowlark(born 1965)September 12,2011April 23,2012Liberal30Danielle SmithMLA for Highwood(born 1971)April 24,2012December 17,2014Wildrose31Heather ForsythMLA for Calgary Fish Creek(born 1950)December 22,2014May 5,2015Wildrose32Brian JeanMLA for Fort McMurray Conklin(born 1963)May 5,2015July 24,2017Wildrose33Nathan CooperMLA for Olds Didsbury Three Hills(born 1980)July 24,2017October 30,2017United Conservative34Jason NixonMLA for Rimbey Rocky Mountain House Sundre(born 1980)October 30,2017January 29,2018United Conservative35Jason KenneyMLA for Calgary Lougheed(born 1968)January 29,2018April 30,2019United Conservative36Rachel NotleyMLA for Edmonton Strathcona(born 1964)April 30,2019IncumbentNew Democratic