Войвуррунг и Таунгурунг: Языки Кулинской Нации Австралии

Pama–Nyungan language spoken in Australia

Woiwurrung (sometimes spelt Woiwurrong, Woiworung, Wuywurung) and Taungurung (Taungurong, Daungwurrung Dhagung wurrung, Thagungwurrung) are Aboriginal languages of the Kulin nation of Central Victoria. Woiwurrung was spoken by the Woiwurrung and related peoples in the Yarra River basin, and Taungurung by the Taungurung people north of the Great Dividing Range in the Goulburn River Valley around Mansfield, Benalla and Heathcote. They are often portrayed as distinct languages, but they were mutually intelligible. Ngurai illamwurrung (Ngurraiillam) may have been a clan name, a dialect, or a closely related language.

In the case of the Woiwurrung pronouns, the stem seems to be the standard ngali (you and I), but the front was suffixed to wa , so wa+ngal combines to form wangal below. In Kulin languages there is no grammatical gender. Person Singular Dual Plural Woi. IPA Eng. Woi. IPA Eng. Woi. IPA Eng. 1st Inc. Wangal We two (you) Wanganyin We (& you) 1st Exc. Wan I Wangan We two (not you) Wanganyinyu We (not you) 2nd Warr You Wabul You two Wat gurrabilWat gurrabillaWat balakWat wurdundhu You 3rd Munyi He/She/It Munyi gurrabil Those two Malu gurrabila They

In the case of the Woiwurrung pronouns, the stem seems to be the standard ngali (you and I), but the front was suffixed to wa , so wa+ngal combines to form wangal below. In Kulin languages there is no grammatical gender. Person Singular Dual Plural Woi. IPA Eng. Woi. IPA Eng. Woi. IPA Eng. 1st Inc. Wangal We two (you) Wanganyin We (& you) 1st Exc. Wan I Wangan We two (not you) Wanganyinyu We (not you) 2nd Warr You Wabul You two Wat gurrabilWat gurrabillaWat balakWat wurdundhu You 3rd Munyi He/She/It Munyi gurrabil Those two Malu gurrabila They

A numbering system was used when Wurundjeri clans sent out messengers to advise neighbouring clans of upcoming events, such as a ceremony, corroboree, a challenge to fight or Marn grook ball game. Messengers carried a message stick with markings to indicate the number and type of people involved and a prop to indicate the type of event, such as a ball for a Marn grook event. The location of meeting was spoken, but neighbouring clans might not use the same language, so a sign language was used to indicate the number of days in the future when the people should assemble. The number was indicated by pointing to a location on the body from 1 to 16. After 16, at the top of the head, the count follows the equivalent locations across the other side of the body. Numeral Spoken number Sign of the number Literal meaning 1 bubupi muningya little finger child of the hand 2 bulato ravel third finger little larger 3 bulato middle finger larger 4 urnung meluk forefinger urnung means a direction, meluk means a large grub found in some eucalypti 5 babungyi muningya thumb the mother of the hand 6 krauel wrist joint 7 ngurumbul the divergence of the radial tendons a fork 8 jeraubil the swelling of the radial muscles 9 thambur the inside of the elbow joint a round place 10 berbert biceps the ringtail possum and also the name of the armlet made from the pelt of that animal, worn on the bicep during festive occasions 11 wulung shoulder joint 12 krakerap the collar bone the place where the bag hangs by its band 13 gurnbert the neck reed necklace, or place where the reed necklace is worn 14 kurnagor the lobe of the ear the point or end of a hill, or of a spur or ridge 15 ngarabul the side of the skull a range or the ridge of a hill 16 bundial top of the head the cutting place, the place where the mourner cuts himself with some sharp instrument, from budagra meaning to cut 17+ From the top of the head, the count follows the equivalent locations across the other side of the body. 17 is the other side of the skull.

A numbering system was used when Wurundjeri clans sent out messengers to advise neighbouring clans of upcoming events, such as a ceremony, corroboree, a challenge to fight or Marn grook ball game. Messengers carried a message stick with markings to indicate the number and type of people involved and a prop to indicate the type of event, such as a ball for a Marn grook event. The location of meeting was spoken, but neighbouring clans might not use the same language, so a sign language was used to indicate the number of days in the future when the people should assemble. The number was indicated by pointing to a location on the body from 1 to 16. After 16, at the top of the head, the count follows the equivalent locations across the other side of the body. Numeral Spoken number Sign of the number Literal meaning 1 bubupi muningya little finger child of the hand 2 bulato ravel third finger little larger 3 bulato middle finger larger 4 urnung meluk forefinger urnung means a direction, meluk means a large grub found in some eucalypti 5 babungyi muningya thumb the mother of the hand 6 krauel wrist joint 7 ngurumbul the divergence of the radial tendons a fork 8 jeraubil the swelling of the radial muscles 9 thambur the inside of the elbow joint a round place 10 berbert biceps the ringtail possum and also the name of the armlet made from the pelt of that animal, worn on the bicep during festive occasions 11 wulung shoulder joint 12 krakerap the collar bone the place where the bag hangs by its band 13 gurnbert the neck reed necklace, or place where the reed necklace is worn 14 kurnagor the lobe of the ear the point or end of a hill, or of a spur or ridge 15 ngarabul the side of the skull a range or the ridge of a hill 16 bundial top of the head the cutting place, the place where the mourner cuts himself with some sharp instrument, from budagra meaning to cut 17+ From the top of the head, the count follows the equivalent locations across the other side of the body. 17 is the other side of the skull.