Сравнивайте с английским: нажмите на абзац — оригинал откроется в окне. Кнопка EN под абзацем показывает его прямо в тексте.
Содержание
Введение
Грамматика латинского языка
Grammar of the Latin language
Латинский язык — это язык с развитой системой флексий и в основном свободным порядком слов. Существительные изменяются по числу и падежу; местоимения и прилагательные (включая причастия) — по числу, падежу и роду; глаголы — по лицу, числу, времени, виду, залогу и наклонению. Изменения обычно происходят в окончаниях слов, но могут быть и более сложными, особенно в глаголах. Таким образом, глаголы могут иметь более 100 различных окончаний для выражения разных значений, например: regō — «я правлю», regor — «мной правят», regere — «править», regī — «быть управляемым». Большинство глагольных форм состоит из одного слова, но некоторые времена образуются из части глагола sum — «я есть» и причастия; например, ductus sum — «я был веден», ductūrus est — «он собирается вести». Предметы (обозначаемые нарицательными существительными) относятся к одному из трех грамматических родов: мужскому, женскому и среднему. Род предмета выражается в окончаниях прилагательных, числительных и местоимений, относящихся к нему: например, животные мужского пола, такие как hic vir — «этот мужчина» и hic gallus — «этот петух», животные женского пола, такие как haec mulier — «эта женщина» и haec gallīna — «эта курица», а также животные неопределенного пола, такие как hoc ovum — «это яйцо», или предметы в целом, такие как hoc — «это». Конкретные виды предметов и абстрактные понятия также имеют один из трех грамматических родов. Существуют два числа: единственное (mulier — «женщина») и множественное (mulierēs — «женщины»). Помимо рода и числа, существительные, прилагательные и местоимения имеют различные окончания в зависимости от их функции в предложении, например: rēx — «король» (подлежащее), но rēgem — «короля» (дополнение). Эти различные окончания называются «падежами». Большинство существительных имеют пять падежей: именительный (подлежащее), винительный (дополнение), родительный («от», «принадлежность»), дательный («кому», «чему») и ablativ («с», «в», «чем»). Существительные, обозначающие людей (потенциальных адресатов), имеют звательный падеж (используется для обращения). Существительные, обозначающие места, имеют седьмой падеж — локатив; он встречается в основном с названиями городов и поселений, например: Rōmae — «в Риме». В латинском языке нет определенных или неопределенных артиклей, поэтому rēx может означать «король», «один король» или «этот король» в зависимости от контекста. Порядок слов в латинском языке обычно подлежащее — дополнение — сказуемое, однако другие порядки слов также распространены. Различные порядки слов используются для выражения различных оттенков значения и акцента. (См. Порядок слов в латинском языке.) Прилагательное может стоять как перед, так и после существительного, например: vir bonus или bonus vir — «добрый человек», хотя некоторые виды прилагательных, такие как прилагательные, обозначающие национальность (vir Rōmānus — «римский мужчина»), обычно следуют за существительным. Латинский язык является pro-drop языком, то есть местоимения в роли подлежащего обычно опускаются, за исключением случаев, когда требуется подчеркнуть. Например, amās само по себе означает «ты любишь» и не требует добавления местоимения tū — «ты». Латинский язык также демонстрирует глагольное обрамление, при котором направление движения кодируется в самом глаголе, а не выражается отдельным словом или фразой. Например, латинский глагол exit (образован от ex и eo) означает «он/она/оно выходит». В этой статье черта над гласной (например, ē) указывает на ее долготу.
Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely free word order. Nouns are inflected for number and case; pronouns and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case, and gender; and verbs are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood. The inflections are often changes in the ending of a word, but can be more complicated, especially with verbs. Thus verbs can take any of over 100 different endings to express different meanings, for example regō "I rule", regor "I am ruled", regere "to rule", regī "to be ruled". Most verbal forms consist of a single word, but some tenses are formed from part of the verb sum "I am" added to a participle; for example, ductus sum "I was led" or ductūrus est "he is going to lead". Classified things (represented by common nouns) belong to one of three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). The gender of the classified thing is realized by the last syllables of the adjectives, numbers and pronouns that refer to it: e. g. male animals such as hic vir "this man" and hic gallus "this cock", female animals such as haec mulier "this woman" and haec gallīna "this chicken", and either sexually undifferentiated animals such as hoc ovum "this egg" or stuff in general such as hoc "this thing". Specific kinds of stuff and abstract things also have one of the three grammatical genders. There are also two numbers: singular (mulier "woman") and plural (mulierēs "women"). As well as having gender and number, nouns, adjectives, and pronouns have different endings according to their function in the sentence, for example, rēx "the king" (subject), but rēgem "the king" (object). These different endings are called "cases". Most nouns have five cases: nominative (subject), accusative (object),
genitive ("of"), dative ("to" or "for"), and ablative ("with" or "in"). Nouns for people (potential addressees) have the vocative (used for addressing someone). Nouns for places have a seventh case, the locative; this is mostly found with the names of towns and cities, e. g. Rōmae "in Rome". There is no definite or indefinite article in Latin, so that rēx can mean "king", "a king", or "the king" according to context. Latin word order tends to be subject–object–verb; however, other word orders are common. Different word orders are used to express different shades of emphasis. (See Latin word order.) An adjective can come either before or after a noun, e. g. vir bonus or bonus vir "a good man", although some kinds of adjectives, such as adjectives of nationality (vir Rōmānus "a Roman man") usually follow the noun. Latin is a pro drop language; that is, pronouns in the subject are usually omitted except for emphasis, so for example amās by itself means "you love" without the need to add the pronoun tū "you". Latin also exhibits verb framing in which the path of motion is encoded into the verb rather than shown by a separate word or phrase. For example, the Latin verb exit (a compound of ex and eo) means "he/she/it goes out". In this article a line over a vowel (e. g. ē) indicates that it is long.
Номер
Большинство латинских существительных имеют два числа, единственное и множественное: rēx "король", rēgēs "короли". Несколько существительных, называемых plūrālia tantum ("только множественное число"), хотя и имеют форму множественного числа, обозначают единичное понятие, например, castra "лагерь", litterae "письмо", nūptiae "свадьба".
Most Latin nouns have two numbers, singular and plural: rēx "king", rēgēs "kings". A few nouns, called plūrālia tantum ("plural only"), although plural in form, have a singular meaning, e. g. castra "a camp", litterae "a letter", nūptiae "a wedding".
Третий декленс
Имена существительных третьего склонения имеют различные модели склонения. Некоторые склоняются следующим образом: mīles "солдат", urbs "город", corpus "тело":
Third declension nouns have various patterns of declension. Some decline like the following: mīles "soldier", urbs "city", corpus "body":
Падежмужской родженский родсредний родBrGLWh3 ед.ч.мн.ч.ед.ч.мн.ч.ед.ч.мн.ч.Именительный mīles mīlitēs urbs urbēs corpus corpora 1 1 1Вокательный mīles mīlitēs urbs urbēs corpus corpora 2 5 6Винительный mīlitem mīlitēs urbem urbēs/ īs corpus corpora 3 4 4Родительный mīlitis mīlitum urbis urbium corporis corporum 4 2 2Дательный mīlitī mīlitibus urbī urbibus corporī corporibus 5 3 3Аблативный mīlite mīlitibus urbe urbibus corpore corporibus 6 6 5
CasemasculinefeminineneuterBrGLWh3 sg.3 pl.3 sg.3 pl.3n sg.3n pl. Nominative mīles mīlitēs urbs urbēs corpus corpora 1 1 1 Vocative mīles mīlitēs urbs urbēs corpus corpora 2 5 6 Accusative mīlitem mīlitēs urbem urbēs/ īs corpus corpora 3 4 4 Genitive mīlitis mīlitum urbis urbium corporis corporum 4 2 2 Dativemīlitī mīlitibus urbī urbibus corporī corporibus 5 3 3 Ablativemīlite mīlitibus urbe urbibus corpore corporibus 6 6 5
Однако существуют некоторые вариации. Некоторые, такие как vīs, vim, vī "сила", имеют винительный падеж единственного числа im и аблативный падеж единственного числа ī; некоторые, такие как ignis "огонь", могут опционально иметь ī вместо e в аблативе единственного числа. В некоторых существительных множественное число родительного падежа имеет окончание um, в других – ium. (Подробности смотрите в разделе "Латинское склонение"). Существительные третьего склонения могут быть любого рода. Обычно невозможно определить родительный падеж существительного по именительному: dux "вождь" имеет родительный падеж ducis, но rēx "король" имеет rēgis; pater "отец" имеет родительный падеж patris, но iter "путь" имеет itineris. По этой причине родительный падеж всегда указывается в словарях и может быть использован для определения остальных падежей.
There are some variations, however. A few, such as vīs, vim, vī "force", have accusative singular im and ablative singular ī; some, like ignis "fire", optionally have ī instead of e in the ablative singular. The genitive plural in some nouns is um, in others ium. (For details, see Latin declension.) 3rd declension nouns can be of any gender. It is not usually possible to guess the genitive of a noun from the nominative: dux "leader" has genitive ducis but rēx "king" has rēgis; pater "father" has genitive patris but iter "journey" has itineris. For this reason the genitive is always given in dictionaries, and can be used to discover the remaining cases.
Четвертый и пятый деклензии
Существительные четвёртого и пятого склонений встречаются реже. Они склоняются следующим образом (manus "рука", genū "колено", diēs "день"):
4th and 5th declension nouns are less common. They decline like the following (manus "hand", genū "knee", diēs "day"):
Существительные четвёртого склонения обычно мужского рода, но некоторые, такие как manus "рука" и anus "старуха", женского рода. Существуют только четыре существительных четвёртого склонения среднего рода. Существительные пятого склонения (за исключением diēs (m) "день") обычно женского рода. rēs "вещь" склоняется похоже на diēs, за исключением краткого e в родительном и дательном падежах единственного числа: reī.
4th declension nouns are usually masculine, but a few, such as manus "hand" and anus "old lady", are feminine. There are only four 4th declension neuter nouns. 5th declension nouns (except for diēs (m) "day") are usually feminine. rēs "thing" is similar to diēs except for a short e in the genitive and dative singular reī.
Другие существительные
В дополнение к вышеперечисленному, существуют некоторые неправильно склоняемые существительные, в основном заимствованные из греческого языка, такие как имя Эней (Aenēās), относящееся к 1-му склонению мужского рода. Вокатив почти всегда совпадает с именительным падежом, за исключением существительных мужского рода 1-го и 2-го склонений в единственном числе, например, Эней! (Aenēā!) и господин! (domine!). Однако у некоторых слов, таких как deus "бог", отдельного вокатива нет.
In addition to the above there are some irregularly declined nouns, mostly borrowed from Greek, such as the name Aenēās "Aeneas" (1st declension masculine). The vocative is nearly always the same as the nominative, except in 1st and 2nd declension masculine singular words, such as Aenēā! "Aeneas!" and domine! "master!/lord!". Some words, such as deus "god", have no separate vocative, however.
Лица глагола
Каждое время имеет окончания, соответствующие трем лицам в единственном числе, известным как 1-е лицо единственного числа ("я"), 2-е лицо единственного числа ("ты"), 3-е лицо единственного числа ("он, она, оно"), и трем лицам во множественном числе, известным как 1-е лицо множественного числа ("мы"), 2-е лицо множественного числа ("вы"), и 3-е лицо множественного числа ("они"). В отличие от древнегреческого, в латинском глаголе нет двойственного числа. 1-е лицо ед.ч. 2-е лицо ед.ч. 3-е лицо ед.ч. я ты он, она, оно amō amās amat я люблю ты любишь он, она, оно любит 1-е лицо мн.ч. 2-е лицо мн.ч. 3-е лицо мн.ч. мы вы они amāmus amātis amant мы любим вы любите они любят
Each tense has endings corresponding to three persons in the singular, known as 1st person singular ("I"), 2nd person singular ("you sg. "), 3rd person singular ("he, she, it"), and three in the plural, known as 1st person plural ("we"), 2nd person plural ("you pl. "), and 3rd person plural ("they"). Unlike Ancient Greek, there is no dual number in the Latin verb. 1st sg.2nd sg.3rd sg. Iyou sg. he, she, itamōamāsamatI loveyou sg. love he, she, it loves1st pl.2nd pl.3rd pl. weyou pl. theyamāmusamātisamantwe loveyou pl. lovethey love
В отличие от испанского, французского и других романских языков, в латинской грамматике нет вежливых форм второго лица: второе лицо единственного числа используется даже при обращении к человеку высокого статуса. Однако первое лицо множественного числа часто используется для выражения "я".
Unlike in Spanish, French, and other Romance languages, there are no respectful 2nd person forms in Latin grammar: the 2nd person singular is used even when addressing a person of high status. However, the 1st person plural is often used to mean "I".
Регулярные и нерегулярные глаголы
Большинство латинских глаголов регулярны и следуют одной из пяти моделей, представленных ниже. Они называются 1-м, 2-м, 3-м и 4-м спряжениями, в зависимости от того, на что заканчивается инфинитив: āre, ēre, ere или īre. (Глаголы, такие как capiō, рассматриваются как варианты 3-го спряжения, с некоторыми формами, подобными формам 4-го спряжения.) Другие глаголы, такие как sum "Я есть", являются неправильными и имеют собственную модель.
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
REGULAR
Я люблю Я вижу Я веду Я захватываю Я слышу
Настоящее время, действительный залог
Я ты он/она/оно мы вы они
amō amās amat amāmus amātis amant
videō vidēs videt vidēmus vidētis vident
dūcō dūcis dūcit dūcimus dūcitis ducunt
capiō capis capit capimus capitis capiunt
audiō audīs audit audīmus audītis audiunt
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Я любим Я видим Я ведусь Я захвачен Я слышим
Настоящее время, страдательный залог
Я ты он/она/оно мы вы они
amor amāris amātur amāmur amāmini amantur
videor vidēris vidētur vidēmur vidēmini videntur
dūcor dūceris dūcitur dūcimur dūciminī ducuntur
capior caperis capitur capimur capiminī capiuntur
audior audīris audītur audīmur audīminī audiuntur
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
IRREGULAR
Я есть Я могу Я несу Я хочу Я иду
Настоящее время
Я ты он/она/оно мы вы они
sum es est sumus estis sunt
possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt
ferō fers fert ferimus fertis ferunt
volō vīs vult volumus vultis volunt
eō īs it īmus itis eunt
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Инфинитив: esse posse ferre velle īre
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Составные глаголы, такие как adsum "Я присутствую", nōlō "Я не хочу", redeō "Я возвращаюсь" и т. д., обычно имеют те же окончания, что и простые глаголы, от которых они образованы.
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Пример третьей конъюгации
У латинских глаголов есть шесть основных времен в изъявительном наклонении. Три из них образованы от настоящего основы (например, dūc) и три – от совершенной основы (например, dūx). Кроме того, в сослагательном наклонении четыре времени, а в повелительном – два. Дальнейшие временные формы могут образовываться перифрастически, сочетая причастия с глаголами sum "я есть" или habeō "я имею", например, ductūrus eram "я собирался вести" или ductum habeō "я вёл". В следующей таблице представлены различные формы глагола dūcō 3-го спряжения. Как и в случае с другими глаголами, для образования различных времен требуются три разных основы: dūc – в трех временах несовершенного залога, dūx – в трех временах совершенного залога и duct – в совершенном причастии и супине. Совершенную и супинную основы для любого конкретного глагола не всегда можно предсказать, и обычно их приходится искать в словаре.
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
ИЗЪЯВИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
Активное залог | Пассивное залог
---|---
**Настоящее время** |
dūcō – я веду, веду сейчас | dūcor – я ведусь, ведусь сейчас
dūcis – ты ведешь | dūceris – ты ведешься
dūcit – он/она/оно ведет | dūcitur – он/она/оно ведется
dūcimus – мы ведем | dūcimur – мы ведемся
dūcitis – вы ведете | dūciminī – вы ведетесь
dūcunt – они ведут | dūcuntur – они ведутся
**Будущее время** |
dūcam – я буду вести | dūcar – я буду ведом
dūcēs – ты будешь вести | dūcēris – ты будешь ведом
dūcet – он/она/оно будет вести | dūcētur – он/она/оно будет ведомо
dūcēmus – мы будем вести | dūcēmur – мы будем ведомы
dūcētis – вы будете вести | dūcēminī – вы будете ведомы
dūcent – они будут вести | dūcentur – они будут ведомы
**Несовершенное время** |
dūcēbam – я вел, вёл постоянно | dūcēbar – я велся, велся постоянно
dūcēbās – ты вел | dūcēbāris – ты велся
dūcēbat – он/она/оно вел | dūcēbātur – он/она/оно велся
dūcēbāmus – мы вели | dūcēbāmur – мы велись
dūcēbātis – вы вели | dūcēbāminī – вы велись
dūcēbant – они вели | dūcēbantur – они велись
**Совершенное время** |
dūxī – я вёл, я повёл | ductus sum – я был ведом, я повёл (в смысле, что результат действия важен)
dūxistī – ты вёл | ductus es – ты был ведом
dūxit – он/она/оно вёл | ductus est – он/она/оно был ведом
dūximus – мы вели | ductī sumus – мы были ведомы
dūxistis – вы вели | ductī estis – вы были ведомы
dūxērunt/ēre – они вели | ductī sunt – они были ведомы
**Предбудущее время** |
dūxerō – я поведу, я буду повёл | ductus erō – я буду ведом
dūxerīs – ты поведешь | ductus eris – ты будешь ведом
dūxerit – он/она/оно поведет | ductus erit – он/она/оно будет ведом
dūxerīmus – мы поведем | ductī erimus – мы будем ведомы
dūxerītis – вы поведете | ductī eritis – вы будете ведомы
dūxerint – они поведут | ductī erunt – они будут ведомы
**Предпрошедшее время** |
dūxeram – я повёл, я был повёл | ductus eram – я был ведом
dūxerās – ты повёл | ductus erās – ты был ведом
dūxerat – он/она/оно повёл | ductus erat – он/она/оно был ведом
dūxerāmus – мы повели | ductī erāmus – мы были ведомы
dūxerātis – вы повели | ductī erātis – вы были ведомы
dūxerant – они повели | ductī erant – они были ведомы
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
**Настоящее время** |
dūcam – я вёл бы, дай мне вести | dūcar – я был бы ведом
dūcās – ты вёл бы | dūcāris – ты был бы ведом
dūcat – он/она/оно вёл бы | dūcātur – он/она/оно был бы ведом
dūcāmus – мы вели бы | dūcāmur – мы были бы ведомы
dūcātis – вы вели бы | dūcāminī – вы были бы ведомы
dūcant – они вели бы | dūcantur – они были бы ведомы
**Несовершенное время** |
dūcerem – я вёл бы, если бы | dūcerer – я был бы ведом, если бы
dūcerēs – ты вёл бы | dūcerēris – ты был бы ведом
dūceret – он/она/оно вёл бы | dūcerētur – он/она/оно был бы ведом
dūcerēmus – мы вели бы | dūcerēmur – мы были бы ведомы
dūcerētis – вы вели бы | dūcerēminī – вы были бы ведомы
dūcerent – они вели бы | dūcerentur – они были бы ведомы
**Совершенное время** |
dūxerim – я повёл бы, если бы | ductus sim – я был бы ведом, если бы
dūxerīs – ты повёл бы | ductus sīs – ты был бы ведом
dūxerit – он/она/оно повёл бы | ductus sit – он/она/оно был бы ведом
dūxerīmus – мы повели бы | ductī sīmus – мы были бы ведомы
dūxerītis – вы повели бы | ductī sītis – вы были бы ведомы
dūxerint – они повели бы | ductī sint – они были бы ведомы
**Предпрошедшее время** |
dūxissem – я повёл бы, если бы (в прошлом) | ductus essem – я был бы ведом, если бы (в прошлом)
dūxissēs – ты повёл бы | ductus essēs – ты был бы ведом
dūxisset – он/она/оно повёл бы | ductus esset – он/она/оно был бы ведом
dūxissēmus – мы повели бы | ductī essēmus – мы были бы ведомы
dūxissētis – вы повели бы | ductī essētis – вы были бы ведомы
dūxissent – они повели бы | ductī essent – они были бы ведомы
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
ИНФИНИТИВЫ
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
**Настоящее время** | dūcere – вести | dūcī – быть ведомым
**Будущее время** | ductūrus esse – собираться вести | ductum īrī – собираться быть ведомым
**Совершенное время** | dūxisse – повел | ductus esse – быть ведомым
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
ПЕРИФРАСТИЧЕСКОЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
ductūrus fuisse – собирался вести
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
ПРИЧАСТИЯ
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
ГЕРУНДИВ
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
dūcendus/a/um – подлежащий ведению, нуждающийся в ведении
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
ГЕРУНДИЙ
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
ad dūcendum – для ведения, с целью ведения
dūcendī – ведения
dūcendō – ведением
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
СУПИН
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
ductum – для ведения, чтобы вести
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
Различие между перфективным и имперфективным видом (я сделал / я делал) проявляется только в прошедших временах латинского языка. В настоящем и будущем времени одни и те же формы могут выражать оба значения. В отличие от древнегреческого или современного английского языка, в латинском языке нет различия между совершенным видом (я сделал) и простым прошедшим временем (я делал). Одна и та же форма, известная в латинской грамматике как совершенное время, может выражать оба значения. Пассивный императив почти не употребляется, за исключением депонентных глаголов, например, sequere mē! – "Следуй за мной!".
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
Порядок слов
Латынь допускает очень гибкий порядок слов благодаря своей флекционной синтаксической системе. Обычная проза, как правило, следовала схеме: подлежащее, прямое дополнение, косвенное дополнение, наречные слова или словосочетания, сказуемое (с оговоркой, что когда существительное и глагол образуют единое целое, как *impetum facio* – «я нападаю / совершаю нападение», существительное обычно располагается рядом с глаголом). Любой дополнительный, но подчиненный глагол, например инфинитив, ставится перед главным глаголом. Прилагательные и причастия обычно следуют непосредственно за существительными, если это не прилагательные, обозначающие красоту, размер, количество, качество или истину, в этом случае они обычно предшествуют определяемому существительному. Однако отступления от этих правил встречаются часто. Относительные придаточные предложения обычно располагаются после определяемого относительным местоимением существительного. Поскольку грамматическая функция в предложении определяется не порядком слов, а флексией, обычный порядок слов в латыни часто нарушался без ущерба для понимания, но с различными изменениями в акцентировке. Хотя эти схемы порядка слов были наиболее распространены в классической латинской прозе, они часто варьировались. Наиболее убедительные сохранившиеся свидетельства указывают на то, что порядок слов в разговорной латыни в основном был «подлежащее – дополнение – сказуемое». Это можно увидеть в некоторых очень консервативных романских языках, таких как сардинский и сицилийский, где глагол все еще часто ставится в конце предложения (см. Вульгарную латынь). С другой стороны, порядок слов «подлежащее – сказуемое – дополнение», вероятно, также был распространен в древнелатинской разговорной речи, поскольку он заметен в романских языках, которые произошли от латыни. В поэзии, однако, порядок слов часто менялся ради размера, которому управляли количество гласных (краткие против долгих гласных и дифтонгов) и сочетания согласных, а не рифма и ударение. Важно помнить, что римские поэты писали прежде всего для слуха, а не для глаза; многие впервые представляли свои произведения публике в устной форме. Следовательно, изменения в порядке слов служили как риторической, так и метрической цели; они, безусловно, не препятствовали пониманию. Например, в «Эклогах» Вергилия он пишет: *Omnia vincit amor, et nos cedamus amori!* – «Любовь побеждает все, и мы уступим любви!». Слова *omnia* (все), *amor* (любовь) и *amori* (любви) выделяются благодаря своему необычному положению в соответствующих словосочетаниях. Окончание распространенного римского имени *Marcus* различается в каждой из следующих пар примеров из-за его грамматического употребления в каждой паре. Порядок слов во втором предложении каждой пары был бы правильным в латыни и однозначно понятен, в то время как в английском языке он, в лучшем случае, неуклюж, а в худшем – бессмыслен.
Latin allows a very flexible word order because of its inflectional syntax. Ordinary prose tended to follow the pattern of subject, direct object, indirect object, adverbial words or phrases, verb (with the proviso that when noun and verb make a compound, as impetum facio "I attack / make an attack" the noun is generally placed close to the verb). Any extra but subordinate verb, such as an infinitive, is placed before the main verb. Adjectives and participles usually directly follow nouns unless they are adjectives of beauty, size, quantity, goodness, or truth, in which case they usually precede the noun being modified. However, departures from these rules are frequent. Relative clauses are commonly placed after the antecedent that the relative pronoun describes. Since grammatical function in a sentence is based not on word order but on inflection, the usual word order in Latin was often abandoned with no detriment to understanding but with various changes in emphasis. While these patterns of word order were the most frequent in Classical Latin prose, they were frequently varied. The strongest surviving evidence suggests that the word order of colloquial Latin was mostly Subject Object Verb. That can be found in some very conservative Romance languages, such as Sardinian and Sicilian in which the verb is still often placed at the end of the sentence (see Vulgar Latin). On the other hand, subject verb object word order was probably also common in ancient Latin conversation, as it is prominent in the Romance languages, which evolved from Latin. In poetry, however, word order was often changed for the sake of the meter for which vowel quantity (short vowels vs. long vowels and diphthongs) and consonant clusters, not rhyme and word stress, governed the patterns. One must bear in mind that poets in the Roman world wrote primarily for the ear, not the eye; many premiered their work in recitation for an audience. Hence, variations in word order served a rhetorical as well as a metrical purpose; they certainly did not prevent understanding. In Virgil's Eclogues, for example, he writes, Omnia vincit amor, et nōs cēdāmus amōrī! : "Love conquers all, let us too yield to love!". The words omnia (all), amor (love) and amōrī (to love) are thrown into relief by their unusual position in their respective phrases. The ending of the common Roman name Mārcus is different in each of the following pairs of examples because of its grammatical usage in each pair. The ordering in the second sentence of each pair would be correct in Latin and clearly understood, whereas in English it is awkward, at best, and meaningless, at worst:
*Marcus ferit Corneliam*: Марк бьет Корнелию. (подлежащее – сказуемое – дополнение)
*Marcus Corneliam ferit*: Марк Корнелию бьет. (подлежащее – дополнение – сказуемое)
*Cornelia dedit Marco donum*: Корнелия дала Марку подарок. (подлежащее – сказуемое – косвенное дополнение – прямое дополнение)
*Cornelia Marco donum dedit*: Корнелия (Марку) подарок дала. (подлежащее – косвенное дополнение – прямое дополнение – сказуемое)
Mārcus ferit Cornēliam: Marcus hits Cornelia. (subject–verb–object)
Mārcus Cornēliam ferit: Marcus Cornelia hits. (subject–object–verb)
Cornēlia dedit Mārcō dōnum: Cornelia gave Marcus a gift. (subject–verb–indirect object–direct object)
Cornēlia Mārcō dōnum dedit: Cornelia (to) Marcus a gift gave. (subject–indirect object–direct object–verb)