Кіріспе
Латын тілінің грамматикасы
Grammar of the Latin language
Латын тілі – сөздердің реті еркін болатын, күшті түбірленген тіл. Есімдер сан мен жаққа өзгереді; есімдіктер мен сын есімдер (қатысушылар да оның ішінде) сан, жақ және жынысқа өзгереді; ал етістіктер – тұлға, сан, уақыт, көрініс, етіс және қимылға өзгереді. Түбірленулер көбінесе сөздің соңғы буынының өзгеруімен білдіріледі, бірақ олар күрделірек болуы мүмкін, әсіресе етістіктерде. Сондықтан, етістіктер әртүрлі мағыналарды білдіру үшін 100-ден астам әртүрлі түбірге ие болуы мүмкін, мысалы, regō – «мен билеймін», regor – «мен биленемін», regere – «билеу», regī – «билену». Көптеген етістік формалары бір сөзден тұрады, бірақ кейбір уақыттарда етістік «Менмін» деген мағына беретін sum етістігінің бөлігі мен қатысушының қосылуынан жасалады; мысалы, ductus sum – «Мен жетектелдім» немесе ductūrus est – «Ол жетектейтін болады». Атаулар (жалпы есімдермен белгіленеді) үш грамматикалық жыныстың біріне жатады: еркек, әйел және орта. Аталған нәрсенің жынысы оған сілтеме жасайтын сын есімдердің, сандардың және есімдіктердің соңғы буындары арқылы білдіріледі: мысалы, еркек жануарлар – hic vir «осы адам» және hic gallus «осы әтеш», әйел жануарлар – haec mulier «осы әйел» және haec gallīna «осы тауық», ал жынысы белгісіз жануарлар – hoc ovum «осы жұмыртқа» немесе жалпы алғанда – hoc «осы нәрсе». Кейбір заттар мен абстракт ұғымдар да үш грамматикалық жыныстың біріне ие. Екі сан бар: жекеше (mulier – «әйел») және көпше (mulierēs – «әйелдер»). Жыныс пен санға ие болумен қатар, есімдер, сын есімдер және есімдіктер сөйлемдегі атқаратын қызметіне қарай әртүрлі түбірге ие болады, мысалы, rēx – «патша» (жатыс), бірақ rēgem – «патшаны» (толықтырғыш). Бұл әртүрлі түбірлер «жақтар» деп аталады. Көптеген есімдер бес жақтың біріне жатады: атау (жатыс), толықтырғыш (толықтырғыш), иелік («нің»), табыс («ке», «үшін») және құрал («мен», «ішінде»). Адамдарға (көрермендерге) арналған есімдерде шақыру жағы бар (біреуге тікелей сөйлеу үшін қолданылады). Орындардың есімдерінде жетінші жақ – орналас жағы бар; бұл көбінесе қалалар мен елдердің атауларында кездеседі, мысалы, Rōmae – «Римде». Латын тілінде анықталған немесе анықталмаған артикль жоқ, сондықтан rēx – «патша», «бір патша» немесе «сол патша» деген мағынаны контекстке қарай білдіруі мүмкін. Латын тіліндегі сөздердің реті көбінесе жатыс-толықтырғыш-етістік болады; алайда, басқа сөздердің реті де жиі кездеседі. Сөздердің әртүрлі реті әртүрлі мәнді білдіру үшін қолданылады. (Латын тіліндегі сөздердің ретіне қараңыз.) Сын есім есімнен бұрын немесе кейін келуі мүмкін, мысалы, vir bonus немесе bonus vir – «жақсы адам», бірақ кейбір сын есімдер, мысалы, ұлттық сын есімдер (vir Rōmānus – «римдік адам») әдетте есімнен кейін келеді. Латын тілі – про-дроп тілі; яғни, мағынаны күшейту үшін қолданылмаса, жатыстағы есімдіктер әдетте жіберіліп қалады, мысалы, amās өзі «сен сүйесің» дегенді білдіреді, «сен» есімдігін қосудың қажеті жоқ. Латын тілінде де қозғалыс бағытын білдіретін жеке сөздер мен тіркестердің орнына етістікке енгізілетін етістік құрамы бар. Мысалы, латын тіліндегі exit (ex және eo сөздерінің бірігісі) «ол/ол/ол шығып кетеді» дегенді білдіреді. Бұл мақалада дауыстың үстіндегі сызық (мысалы, ē) оның ұзын екенін көрсетеді.
Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely free word order. Nouns are inflected for number and case; pronouns and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case, and gender; and verbs are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood. The inflections are often changes in the ending of a word, but can be more complicated, especially with verbs. Thus verbs can take any of over 100 different endings to express different meanings, for example regō "I rule", regor "I am ruled", regere "to rule", regī "to be ruled". Most verbal forms consist of a single word, but some tenses are formed from part of the verb sum "I am" added to a participle; for example, ductus sum "I was led" or ductūrus est "he is going to lead". Classified things (represented by common nouns) belong to one of three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). The gender of the classified thing is realized by the last syllables of the adjectives, numbers and pronouns that refer to it: e. g. male animals such as hic vir "this man" and hic gallus "this cock", female animals such as haec mulier "this woman" and haec gallīna "this chicken", and either sexually undifferentiated animals such as hoc ovum "this egg" or stuff in general such as hoc "this thing". Specific kinds of stuff and abstract things also have one of the three grammatical genders. There are also two numbers: singular (mulier "woman") and plural (mulierēs "women"). As well as having gender and number, nouns, adjectives, and pronouns have different endings according to their function in the sentence, for example, rēx "the king" (subject), but rēgem "the king" (object). These different endings are called "cases". Most nouns have five cases: nominative (subject), accusative (object),
genitive ("of"), dative ("to" or "for"), and ablative ("with" or "in"). Nouns for people (potential addressees) have the vocative (used for addressing someone). Nouns for places have a seventh case, the locative; this is mostly found with the names of towns and cities, e. g. Rōmae "in Rome". There is no definite or indefinite article in Latin, so that rēx can mean "king", "a king", or "the king" according to context. Latin word order tends to be subject–object–verb; however, other word orders are common. Different word orders are used to express different shades of emphasis. (See Latin word order.) An adjective can come either before or after a noun, e. g. vir bonus or bonus vir "a good man", although some kinds of adjectives, such as adjectives of nationality (vir Rōmānus "a Roman man") usually follow the noun. Latin is a pro drop language; that is, pronouns in the subject are usually omitted except for emphasis, so for example amās by itself means "you love" without the need to add the pronoun tū "you". Latin also exhibits verb framing in which the path of motion is encoded into the verb rather than shown by a separate word or phrase. For example, the Latin verb exit (a compound of ex and eo) means "he/she/it goes out". In this article a line over a vowel (e. g. ē) indicates that it is long.
genitive ("of"), dative ("to" or "for"), and ablative ("with" or "in"). Nouns for people (potential addressees) have the vocative (used for addressing someone). Nouns for places have a seventh case, the locative; this is mostly found with the names of towns and cities, e. g. Rōmae "in Rome". There is no definite or indefinite article in Latin, so that rēx can mean "king", "a king", or "the king" according to context. Latin word order tends to be subject–object–verb; however, other word orders are common. Different word orders are used to express different shades of emphasis. (See Latin word order.) An adjective can come either before or after a noun, e. g. vir bonus or bonus vir "a good man", although some kinds of adjectives, such as adjectives of nationality (vir Rōmānus "a Roman man") usually follow the noun. Latin is a pro drop language; that is, pronouns in the subject are usually omitted except for emphasis, so for example amās by itself means "you love" without the need to add the pronoun tū "you". Latin also exhibits verb framing in which the path of motion is encoded into the verb rather than shown by a separate word or phrase. For example, the Latin verb exit (a compound of ex and eo) means "he/she/it goes out". In this article a line over a vowel (e. g. ē) indicates that it is long.
Саны
Латынша зат есімдердің көпшілігі екі санға ие: жекеше және көпше. Мысалы, rēx "патша", rēgēs "патшалар". Аз ғана зат есімдер, plūrālia tantum ("тек көпше"), формасы бойынша көпше болғанымен, жекеше мағынаны білдіреді. Мысалы, castra "әскери лагерь", litterae "хат", nūptiae "үйлену тойы".
Most Latin nouns have two numbers, singular and plural: rēx "king", rēgēs "kings". A few nouns, called plūrālia tantum ("plural only"), although plural in form, have a singular meaning, e. g. castra "a camp", litterae "a letter", nūptiae "a wedding".
3-ші өрлеу
Үшінші жіктегі есімдердің жіктелу үлгілері әртүрлі болады. Кейбіреулері келесіше жіктеледі: mīles "солдат", urbs "қала", corpus "дене":
Third declension nouns have various patterns of declension. Some decline like the following: mīles "soldier", urbs "city", corpus "body":
Жіктеу еркек әйел бейнесіз BrGLWh3 дара көп дара көп дара көп
Атау септігі mīles mīlitēs urbs urbēs corpus corpora 1 1 1
Шақыру септігі mīles mīlitēs urbs urbēs corpus corpora 2 5 6
Бағыныс септігі mīlitem mīlitēs urbem urbēs/ īs corpus corpora 3 4 4
Жіктеу септігі mīlitis mīlitum urbis urbium corporis corporum 4 2 2
Дат септігі mīlitī mīlitibus urbī urbibus corporī corporibus 5 3 3
Шығу септігі mīlite mīlitibus urbe urbibus corpore corporibus 6 6 5
CasemasculinefeminineneuterBrGLWh3 sg.3 pl.3 sg.3 pl.3n sg.3n pl. Nominative mīles mīlitēs urbs urbēs corpus corpora 1 1 1 Vocative mīles mīlitēs urbs urbēs corpus corpora 2 5 6 Accusative mīlitem mīlitēs urbem urbēs/ īs corpus corpora 3 4 4 Genitive mīlitis mīlitum urbis urbium corporis corporum 4 2 2 Dativemīlitī mīlitibus urbī urbibus corporī corporibus 5 3 3 Ablativemīlite mīlitibus urbe urbibus corpore corporibus 6 6 5
Дегенмен, кейбір өзгерістер бар. Мысалы, vīs, vim, vī "күш" сөздерінде жалғыз санның бағыныс септігі im, ал шығу септігі ī болады; ал ignis "от" сияқты кейбіреулерінде шығу септігінде e орнына ī қолданылуы мүмкін. Кейбір есімдердің көпше түріндегі жіктеуі -um, ал басқаларында -ium болады. (Толық мәліметтер үшін латын тіліндегі жіктелуді қараңыз.) Үшінші жіктегі есімдер кез келген родта болуы мүмкін. Әдетте, есімнің атау септігінен оның жіктеу септігін болжау қиын: dux "жетекші" сөзінің жіктеу септігі ducis, ал rēx "патша" сөзінікі rēgis; pater "әке" сөзінің жіктеу септігі patris, ал iter "саяхат" сөзінікі itineris. Осы себепті жіктеу септігі әрқашан сөздіктерде беріледі және қалған септіктерді анықтау үшін қолданылуы мүмкін.
There are some variations, however. A few, such as vīs, vim, vī "force", have accusative singular im and ablative singular ī; some, like ignis "fire", optionally have ī instead of e in the ablative singular. The genitive plural in some nouns is um, in others ium. (For details, see Latin declension.) 3rd declension nouns can be of any gender. It is not usually possible to guess the genitive of a noun from the nominative: dux "leader" has genitive ducis but rēx "king" has rēgis; pater "father" has genitive patris but iter "journey" has itineris. For this reason the genitive is always given in dictionaries, and can be used to discover the remaining cases.
4-ші және 5-ші декленция
Төртінші және бесінші реттік есімдер сирек кездеседі. Олар төмендегідей өзгериді (manus "қол", genū "тізе", diēs "күн"):
4th and 5th declension nouns are less common. They decline like the following (manus "hand", genū "knee", diēs "day"):
ЖақәйелBrGLWh4 дара4 көп4 дара4н көп5 дара5 көп
Атау sözі manus manūs genū genua diēs diēs 1 1 1
Шақыру sözі manus manūs genū genua diēs diēs 25 6
Жіктеу sözі manum manūs genū genua diēm diēs 34 4
Меншік sözі manūs manuum genūs genuum diēī diērum 4 2 2
Байлау sözі manuī manibus genuī, genū genibus diēī diēbus 5 3 3
Шығару sözі manū manibus genū genibus diē diēbus 6 6 5
CasefeminineBrGLWh4 sg.4 pl.4n sg.4n pl.5 sg.5 pl. Nominative manus manūs genū genua diēs diēs 1 1 1 Vocative manus manūs genū genua diēs diēs 25 6 Accusative manum manūs genū genua diēm diēs 34 4 Genitive manūs manuum genūs genuum diēī diērum 4 2 2 Dative manuī manibus genuī, genū genibus diēī diēbus 5 3 3 Ablative manū manibus genū genibus diē diēbus 6 6 5
Төртінші реттік есімдер көбінесе еркек туысқа жатады, бірақ manus "қол" және anus "қарт әйел" сияқты кейбіреулері әйел туысқа жатады. Төртінші реттік есімдердің тек төрт бейтарап түрі бар. Бесінші реттік есімдер (diēs (м) "күн" есімдіксіз) көбінесе әйел туысқа жатады. rēs "зат" diēs-ке ұқсас, бірақ меншік және байлау жақтарындағы дара түріндегі "e" әрпі қысқа болады (reī).
4th declension nouns are usually masculine, but a few, such as manus "hand" and anus "old lady", are feminine. There are only four 4th declension neuter nouns. 5th declension nouns (except for diēs (m) "day") are usually feminine. rēs "thing" is similar to diēs except for a short e in the genitive and dative singular reī.
Басқа есімдер
Жоғарыда айтылғандарға қоса, көбінесе грек тілінен алынған, ретсіз төмендеуге түсетін есімдер де бар, мысалы, Aenēās "Эней" (1-ші төмендеулі еркек есім). Шақыру формасы көбінесе атау формасымен бірдей, бірақ 1-ші және 2-ші төмендеулі еркек есімдердің жекеше түрінде басқаша болады, мысалы, Aenēā! – "Эней!" және domine! – "мырза!". Дегенмен, deus "құдай" сияқты кейбір сөздердің жеке шақыру формасы жоқ.
In addition to the above there are some irregularly declined nouns, mostly borrowed from Greek, such as the name Aenēās "Aeneas" (1st declension masculine). The vocative is nearly always the same as the nominative, except in 1st and 2nd declension masculine singular words, such as Aenēā! "Aeneas!" and domine! "master!/lord!". Some words, such as deus "god", have no separate vocative, however.
Сөздің тұлғалары
Әр заманның жекеше түрінде үш тұлғаға сәйкес келетін жұрнақтары бар, олар 1-ші жеке тұлға ("Мен"), 2-ші жеке тұлға ("Сен"), 3-ші жеке тұлға ("Ол, оған, сонда"), және көпше түрінде үш, олар 1-ші көпше тұлға ("Біз"), 2-ші көпше тұлға ("Сіздер"), және 3-ші көпше тұлға ("Олар"). Ежелгі грек тілінен айырмашылығы, латын тіліндегі етістікте екілік сан жоқ. 1-ші жекеше, 2-ші жекеше, 3-ші жекеше Мен Сен Ол, оған, сонда Мен сүйемін Сен сүйесің Ол, оған, сонда сүйеді 1-ші көпше, 2-ші көпше, 3-ші көпше Біз Сіздер Олар Біз сүйеміз Сіздер сүйесіздер Олар сүйеді.
Each tense has endings corresponding to three persons in the singular, known as 1st person singular ("I"), 2nd person singular ("you sg. "), 3rd person singular ("he, she, it"), and three in the plural, known as 1st person plural ("we"), 2nd person plural ("you pl. "), and 3rd person plural ("they"). Unlike Ancient Greek, there is no dual number in the Latin verb. 1st sg.2nd sg.3rd sg. Iyou sg. he, she, itamōamāsamatI loveyou sg. love he, she, it loves1st pl.2nd pl.3rd pl. weyou pl. theyamāmusamātisamantwe loveyou pl. lovethey love
Испан, француз және басқа роман тілдерінен айырмашылығы, латын грамматикасында құрметті 2-ші тұлға формалары жоқ: жоғары мәртебелі адамға сөйлегенде де жекеше 2-ші тұлға қолданылады. Дегенмен, 1-ші көпше тұлға көбінесе "Мен" мағынасында қолданылады.
Unlike in Spanish, French, and other Romance languages, there are no respectful 2nd person forms in Latin grammar: the 2nd person singular is used even when addressing a person of high status. However, the 1st person plural is often used to mean "I".
Тұрақты және ретсіз етістіктер
Латын тіліндегі көптеген етістіктер тұрақты болып, төмендегі бес үлгінің бірін ұстанады. Бұлар 1-ші, 2-ші, 3-ші және 4-ші жіктелу деп аталады, олар инфинитивтің āre, ēre, ere немесе īre жалғауларымен аяқталуына қарай анықталады. (capiō сияқты етістіктер 3-ші жіктелудің өзгеше түрі ретінде қарастырылады, ал кейбір формалары 4-ші жіктелуге ұқсас.) "Болу" (sum) сияқты басқа етістіктер ретсіз және өздеріне тән үлгіге ие.
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
**БЕЛСЕНДІ ДӘУІР**
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Мен көремін, мен жасаймын, мен жетекшілік етемін, мен қолға түсіремін, мен естимін.
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
| Есімдік | amō | videō | dūcō | capiō | audiō |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Мен | amō | videō | dūcō | capiō | audiō |
| Сен | amās | vidēs | dūcis | capis | audīs |
| Ол/Ол/Сол | amat | videt | dūcit | capit | audit |
| Біз | amāmus | vidēmus | dūcimus | capimus | audīmus |
| Сіздер | amātis | vidētis | dūcitis | capitis | audītis |
| Олар | amant | vident | ducunt | capiunt | audiunt |
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
**Инфинитив:** amāre (1), vidēre (2), dūcere (3), capere (3), audīre (4)
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
**ПАЙЫПТЫҚ ДӘУІР**
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Мен сүйіліп жатырмын, мен көріліп жатырмын, мен жетекшілік етіліп жатырмын, мен қолға түсіріліп жатырмын, мен естіліп жатырмын.
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
| Есімдік | amāror | vidēror | dūcor | capior | audior |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Мен | amāror | vidēror | dūcor | capior | audior |
| Сен | amāris | vidēris | dūceris | caperis | audīris |
| Ол/Ол/Сол | amātur | vidētur | dūcitur | capitur | audītur |
| Біз | amāmur | vidēmur | dūcimur | capimur | audīmur |
| Сіздер | amāminī | vidēminī | dūciminī | capiminī | audīminī |
| Олар | amantur | videntur | ducuntur | capiuntur | audiuntur |
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
**Инфинитив:** amārī (1), vidērī (2), dūcī (3), capī (3), audīrī (4)
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
**РЕТСІЗ ЕТІСТІКТЕР**
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Мен болып тұрам, мен қабілеттімін, мен әкелем, мен қалаймын, мен барамын.
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
| Есімдік | sum | possum | ferō | volō | eō |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Мен | sum | possum | ferō | volō | eō |
| Сен | es | potes | fers | vis | is |
| Ол/Ол/Сол | est | potest | fert | vult | it |
| Біз | sumus | possumus | ferimus | volumus | īmus |
| Сіздер | estis | potestis | fertis | vultis | itis |
| Олар | sunt | possunt | ferunt | volunt | eunt |
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
**Инфинитив:** esse, posse, ferre, velle, īre
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
"Мен бармын" (adsum), "Мен қаламаймын" (nōlō), "Мен қайтып келемін" (redeō) сияқты күрделі етістіктер әдетте олардан жасалған қарапайым етістіктермен бірдей жалғауларды қолданады.
Most Latin verbs are regular and follow one of the five patterns below. These are referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in āre, ēre, ere or īre. (Verbs like capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms like those of the 4th conjugation.) Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and have their own pattern. REGULARI loveI seeI leadI captureI hear PresenttenseactiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamōamāsamatamāmusamātisamantvideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentdūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisducuntcapiōcapiscapitcapimuscapitiscapiuntaudiōaudīsauditaudīmusaudītisaudiunt Infinitiveto amāre (1) vidēre (2) dūcere (3) capere (3) audīre (4)I am lovedI am seenI am ledI am capturedI am heard PresenttensepassiveIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theyamoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamanturvideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturdūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīducunturcapiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminīcapiunturaudioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur Infinitiveto amārī (1) vidērī (2) dūcī (3) capī (3) audīrī (4)IRREGULARI amI am ableI bringI wantI go PresenttenseIyou sg. he, she, itweyou pl. theysumesestsumusestissuntpossumpotespotestpossumuspotestispossuntferōfersfertferimusfertisferuntvolōvīsvultvolumusvultisvolunteōīsitīmusītiseunt Infinitiveto esse posse ferre velle īre
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Compound verbs such as adsum "I am present", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go back", etc., usually have the same endings as the simple verbs from which they are made.
Үшінші жұпталу мысалы
Латын тіліндегі етістіктерде индикативті көңілде алты негізгі уақыт бар. Олардың үшеуі қазіргі сабаққа (мысалы, dūc) және үшеуі кемелді сабаққа (мысалы, dūx) негізделген. Сонымен қатар, субъюнктивті көңілде төрт уақыт, ал императивте екі уақыт бар. Алдағы уақытта сөздерді перифрастикалық түрде «менмін» немесе «менде бар» етістіктерінің жиынтығымен біріктіру арқылы жасауға болады, мысалы, ductūrus eram «Мен жетелемек едім» немесе ductum habeō «Мен жетеледім». Келесі кестеде 3-ші жұпталу етістігінің әртүрлі формалары берілген: dūcō. Басқа етістіктердегідей, әртүрлі уақыттарды жасау үшін үш түрлі сабақ қажет: үш кемелсіз уақытта dūc, үш кемелді уақытта dūx және кемелді қатысу мен супинде duct. Кез келген нақты етістіктің кемелді және супин сабақтарын әрқашан болжауға болмайды және көбінесе сөздікте қарауға тура келеді.
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
INDICATIVE
Active Passive
Present dūcō dūcis dūcit dūcimus dūcitis dūcunt Мен жетелеймін, сен жетелейсің, ол жетелейді, біз жетелейміз, сіздер жетелейсіздер, олар жетелейді. dūcor dūceris dūcitur dūcimur dūciminī dūcuntur Мен жетектеліп отырмын, сен жетектеліп отырсың, ол жетектеліп отыр, біз жетектеліп отырмыз, сіздер жетектеліп отырсыздар, олар жетектеліп отыр.
Future dūcam dūcēs dūcet dūcēmus dūcētis dūcent Мен жетелеймін, сен жетелейсің, ол жетелейді, біз жетелейміз, сіздер жетелейсіздер, олар жетелейді. dūcar dūcēris/edūcētur dūcēmur dūcēminī dūcentur Мен жетектеліп отырамын, сен жетектеліп отырасың, ол жетектеліп отырады, біз жетектеліп отырамыз, сіздер жетектеліп отырсыздар, олар жетектеліп отырады.
Imperfect dūcēbam dūcēbās dūcēbat dūcēbāmus dūcēbātis dūcēbant Мен жетеледім, сен жетеледің, ол жетеледі, біз жетеледік, сіздер жетеледіңіздер, олар жетеледі. dūcēbar dūcēbāris/redūcēbātur dūcēbāmur dūcēbāminī dūcēbantur Мен жетектеліп отырдым, сен жетектеліп отырдың, ол жетектеліп отырды, біз жетектеліп отырдық, сіздер жетектеліп отырдыңыздар, олар жетектеліп отырды.
Perfect dūxī dūxistī dūxit dūximus dūxistis dūxērunt/ēre Мен жетеледім, сен жетеледің, ол жетеледі, біз жетеледік, сіздер жетеледіңіздер, олар жетеледі. ductus sum ductus es ductus est ductī sumus ductī estis ductī sunt Мен жетектеліп отырдым, сен жетектеліп отырдың, ол жетектеліп отырды, біз жетектеліп отырдық, сіздер жетектеліп отырдыңыздар, олар жетектеліп отырды.
Future Perfect dūxerō dūxerīs/is dūxerit dūxerīmus dūxerītis dūxerint Мен жетелеген болармын, сен жетелеген боларсың, ол жетелеген болар, біз жетелеген болармыз, сіздер жетелеген боларсыздар, олар жетелеген болар. ductus erō ductus eris ductus erit ductī erimus ductī eritis ductī erunt Мен жетектеліп отырған болармын, сен жетектеліп отырған боларсың, ол жетектеліп отырған болар, біз жетектеліп отырған болармыз, сіздер жетектеліп отырған боларсыздар, олар жетектеліп отырған болар.
Pluperfect dūxeram dūxerās dūxerat dūxerāmus dūxerātis dūxerant Мен жетелеген едім, сен жетелеген едің, ол жетелеген еді, біз жетелеген едік, сіздер жетелеген едіңіздер, олар жетелеген еді. ductus eram ductus erās ductus erat ductī erāmus ductī erātis ductī erant Мен жетектеліп отырған едім, сен жетектеліп отырған едің, ол жетектеліп отырған еді, біз жетектеліп отырған едік, сіздер жетектеліп отырған едіңіздер, олар жетектеліп отырған еді.
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present dūcam dūcās dūcat dūcāmus dūcātis dūcant Мен жетелесем, сен жетелесең, ол жетелесе, біз жетелесек, сіздер жетелесеңіздер, олар жетелесе. dūcar dūcāris dūcātur dūcāmur dūcāminī dūcantur Мен жетектеліп отырсам, сен жетектеліп отырсаң, ол жетектеліп отырса, біз жетектеліп отырсақ, сіздер жетектеліп отырсаңыздар, олар жетектеліп отырса.
Imperfect dūcerem dūcerēs dūceret dūcerēmus dūcerētis dūcerent Мен жетелесем, сен жетелесең, ол жетелесе, біз жетелесек, сіздер жетелесеңіздер, олар жетелесе. dūcerer dūcerēris dūcerētur dūcerēmur dūcerēminī dūcerentur Мен жетектеліп отырсам, сен жетектеліп отырсаң, ол жетектеліп отырса, біз жетектеліп отырсақ, сіздер жетектеліп отырсаңыздар, олар жетектеліп отырса.
Perfect dūxerim dūxerīs dūxerit dūxerīmus dūxerītis dūxerint Мен жетелеген болсам, сен жетелеген болсаң, ол жетелеген болса, біз жетелеген болсақ, сіздер жетелеген болсаңыздар, олар жетелеген болса. ductus sim ductus sīs ductus sit ductī sīmus ductī sītis ductī sint Мен жетектеліп отырған болсам, сен жетектеліп отырған болсаң, ол жетектеліп отырған болса, біз жетектеліп отырған болсақ, сіздер жетектеліп отырған болсаңыздар, олар жетектеліп отырған болса.
Pluperfect dūxissem dūxissēs dūxisset dūxissēmus dūxissētis dūxissent Мен жетелеген едім, сен жетелеген едің, ол жетелеген еді, біз жетелеген едік, сіздер жетелеген едіңіздер, олар жетелеген еді. ductus essem ductus essēs ductus esset ductī essēmus ductī essētis ductī essent Мен жетектеліп отырған едім, сен жетектеліп отырған едің, ол жетектеліп отырған еді, біз жетектеліп отырған едік, сіздер жетектеліп отырған едіңіздер, олар жетектеліп отырған еді.
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
IMPERATIVE
Present dūc! dūcite! Жетеле! (бірлік) Жетелеңдер! (көптік)
Future dūcitō! dūcitōte! Жетеле! (бірлік) Жетелеңдер! (көптік) dūcitō dūcuntō Ол жетелесін, Олар жетелесін.
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
INFINITIVES
Present dūcere жетелеу
Future ductūrus esse жетелемек
Perfect dūxisse жетелеген
Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisse жетелемек болған
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
PARTICIPLES
Present dūcēns dūcentēs жетелеуде (бірлік), жетелеуде (көптік)
Future ductūrus/a/um жетелемек
Perfect ductus/a/um жетектеліп отырған
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um жетектелуі керек
GERUND ad dūcendum dūcendī dūcendō жетелеу үшін, жетелеумен, жетелеу арқылы
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
SUPINE ductum (оны) (оңай) ductū (ол барады) жетелеу үшін (оңай) жетелеу үшін
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
Латын тілінде тек өткен шақта ғана перфективті аспект (мен жасадым) мен кемелсіз аспект (мен жасап жаттым) арасындағы айырмашылық кездеседі. Қазіргі немесе болашақ шақта бірдей уақыт екі аспектілік мағынаға ие. Ежелгі грек немесе қазіргі ағылшын тілдерінен айырмашылығы, бұл жерде мінсіз (мен жасадым) мен қарапайым өткен шақ (мен жасадым) арасында айырмашылық жоқ. Латын грамматикасында толық уақыт деп аталатын бір уақыт екі мағынада да қолданылады. Пассивтік императив депоненттік етістіктерден басқа, ешқашан қолданылмайды, мысалы, sequere mē! «Менің соңымнан ер!»
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e. g. dūc ) and three on the perfect stem (e. g. dūx ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative. Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led". The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō. As with other verbs, three different stems are needed to make the various tenses: dūc in the three non perfect tenses, dūx in the three perfect tenses, and duct in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always be predicted and usually have to be looked up in a dictionary. INDICATIVE Active Passive Present dūcōdūcisdūcitdūcimusdūcitisdūcunt I lead, I am leadingyou leadhe/she/it leadswe leadyou pl. leadthey lead dūcordūcerisdūciturdūcimurdūciminīdūcuntur I am led, I am being ledyou are ledhe/she/it is ledwe are ledyou pl. are ledthey are led Future dūcamdūcēsdūcetdūcēmusdūcētisdūcent I will lead, I will be leadingyou will leadhe/she/it will leadwe will leadyou pl. will leadthey will lead dūcardūcēris/ edūcēturdūcēmurdūcēminīdūcentur I will be led, I will be being ledyou will be ledhe/she/it will be ledwe will be ledyou pl. will be ledthey will be led Imperfect dūcēbamdūcēbāsdūcēbatdūcēbāmusdūcēbātisdūcēbant I was leading, used to leadyou were leadinghe/she/it was leadingwe were leadingyou pl. were leadingthey were leading dūcēbardūcēbāris/ redūcēbāturdūcēbāmurdūcēbāminīdūcēbantur I was being led, I used to be ledyou were being ledhe/she/it was being ledwe were being ledyou pl. were being ledthey were being led Perfect dūxīdūxistīdūxitdūximusdūxistisdūxērunt/ ēre I led, I have ledyou ledhe/she/it ledwe ledyou pl. ledthey led ductus sumductus esductus estductī sumusductī estisductī sunt I was led, I have been ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Future Perfect dūxerōdūxerīs/ isdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I will have ledyou will have ledhe/she/it will have ledwe will have ledyou pl. will have ledthey will have led ductus erōductus erisductus eritductī erimusductī eritisductī erunt I will have been ledyou will have been ledhe will have been ledwe will have been ledyou pl. will have been ledthey will have been led Pluperfect dūxeramdūxerāsdūxeratdūxerāmusdūxerātisdūxerant I had ledyou had ledhe/she/it had ledwe had ledyou pl. had ledthey had led ductus eramductus erāsductus eratductī erāmusductī erātisductī erant I had been ledyou had been ledhe had been ledwe had been ledyou pl. had been ledthey had been led SUBJUNCTIVE Present dūcamdūcāsdūcatdūcāmusdūcātisdūcant I may lead, I would leadyou would leadhe/she/it would leadwe would leadyou pl. would leadthey would lead dūcardūcārisdūcāturdūcāmurdūcāminīdūcantur I may be led, I would be ledyou would be ledhe/she/it would be ledwe would be ledyou pl. would be ledthey would be led Imperfect dūceremdūcerēsdūceretdūcerēmusdūcerētisdūcerent I might lead, should leadyou might leadhe/she/it might leadwe might leadyou pl. might leadthey might lead dūcererdūcerērisdūcerēturdūcerēmurdūcerēminīdūcerentur I might be ledyou might be ledhe/she/it might be ledwe might be ledyou pl. might be ledthey might be led Perfect dūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerīmusdūxerītisdūxerint I would have led, I ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would leadthey would have led ductus simductus sīsductus sitductī sīmusductī sītisductī sint I would have been led, I was ledyou were ledhe was ledwe were ledyou pl. were ledthey were led Pluperfect dūxissemdūxissēsdūxissetdūxissēmusdūxissētisdūxissent I would have led, I had ledyou would have ledhe/she/it would have ledwe would have ledyou pl. would have ledthey would have led ductus essemductus essēsductus essetductī essēmusductī essētisductī essent I would have been ledyou would have been ledhe would have been ledwe would have been ledyou pl. would have been ledthey would have been led IMPERATIVE Present dūc!dūcite!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.)(dūcere!)(dūciminī! )be led!be led! (pl.) Future dūcitō!dūcitōte!lead! (sg.)lead! (pl.) 3rd person dūcitōdūcuntōhe must leadthey must lead INFINITIVES Present dūcereto leaddūcīto be led Future ductūrus esseto be going to leadductum īrīto be going to be led Perfect dūxisseto have ledductus esseto have been led Periphrastic perfect ductūrus fuisseto have been going to lead PARTICIPLES Present dūcēnsdūcentēs(while) leading (sg. )(while) leading (pl.) Future ductūrus/a/umgoing to lead Perfect ductus/a/umhaving been led GERUNDIVE dūcendus/a/um(needing) to be led GERUNDad dūcendumdūcendīdūcendōwith a view to leadingof leadingby leading SUPINEductum (it)(facile) ductū(he goes) in order to lead(easy) to lead
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings. Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction between perfect (I have done) and simple past (I did). The same tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings. The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e. g. sequere mē! "follow me!"
Сөз тәртібі
Латын тілінде сөздердің реті өте икемді, себебі оның синтаксисі иілгіш. Кәдімгі прозада әдетте тақырып, тікелей толықтық, жанама толықтық, сөз тіркестері немесе анықтауыштар, содан соң етістік келеді (бірақ есім мен етістік біріккенде, мысалы, *impetum facio* – «шабуылдаймын / шабуыл жасаймын» – есім әдетте етістікке жақын тұрады). Инфинитив сияқты қосымша, бірақ бағынышты етістік негізгі етістіктен бұрын келеді. Сипаттар мен қатысушылар көбінесе зат есімнен кейін тұрады, бірақ егер олар сұлулық, мөлшер, сан, жақсылық немесе шындық сипаттарын білдірсе, онда әдетте өзгертілген зат есімге дейін қойылады. Дегенмен, осы ережеден жиі ауытқулар болады. Қатыстық сөйлемдер әдетте олар сипаттайтын сөзден кейін орналасады. Сөйлемдегі грамматикалық рөл сөздердің ретіне емес, иілгіш формасына байланысты болғандықтан, латын тіліндегі сөздердің әдеттегі реті көбінесе өзгереді, бұл түсініктілікке кедері келтірмейді, бірақ мағынаны өзгертеді. Осы сөздердің реті классикалық латын прозасында ең көп кездеседі, бірақ олар жиі өзгертіледі. Ең сенімді деректер көрсеткендей, тілдік латынның сөздері көбінесе Тақырып – Толықтық – Етістік ретімен орналасқан. Мұны сардиния және сицилия сияқты консервативті роман тілдерінде де кездестіруге болады, онда етістік әлі де сөйлем соңында тұрады (қараңыз, Халықтық латын). Ежелгі латын тіліндегі әңгімелерде де Тақырып – Етістік – Толықтық реті жиі қолданылған болуы мүмкін, өйткені ол латыннан дамыған роман тілдерінде кең таралған. Алайда, поэзияда ырғақты сақтау үшін сөздердің реті жиі өзгертілді, онда дауыстылардың ұзақтығы (қысқа және ұзын дауыстылар, дифтонгтар) және қосымша дауыстар, емес, ырғақ пен сөздік стресс үлгілерді анықтады. Римдік ақындар көбінесе көзге емес, құлаққа арнап жазғанын естен шығармау керек; көптегендер өздерінің туындыларын тыңдаушылар алдында оқып, жариялады. Сондықтан, сөздердің ретін өзгерту риторикалық және метрикалық мақсаттарға қызмет етті; бұл түсініктілікке кедері келтірмеді. Мысалы, Вергилийдің «Эклогаларында» ол былай жазады: *Omnia vincit amor, et nōs cēdāmus amōrī!* – «Сүйіспеншілік бәрін жеңеді, біз де сүйіспеншілікке бойынайық!». *Omnia* (барлығы), *amor* (сүйіспеншілік) және *amōrī* (сүйіспеншілікке) сөздері олардың тиісті тіркестеріндегі ерекше орнымен ерекшеленіп тұрады. Келесі жұптардағы римдік *Mārcus* аты грамматикалық қолданылуына байланысты әртүрлі аяқталады. Әр жұптың екінші сөйлеміндегі рет латын тілінде дұрыс және түсінікті болар еді, ал ағылшын тілінде бұл ең жақсы жағдайда қиын, ең нашар жағдайда мағынасыз:
Latin allows a very flexible word order because of its inflectional syntax. Ordinary prose tended to follow the pattern of subject, direct object, indirect object, adverbial words or phrases, verb (with the proviso that when noun and verb make a compound, as impetum facio "I attack / make an attack" the noun is generally placed close to the verb). Any extra but subordinate verb, such as an infinitive, is placed before the main verb. Adjectives and participles usually directly follow nouns unless they are adjectives of beauty, size, quantity, goodness, or truth, in which case they usually precede the noun being modified. However, departures from these rules are frequent. Relative clauses are commonly placed after the antecedent that the relative pronoun describes. Since grammatical function in a sentence is based not on word order but on inflection, the usual word order in Latin was often abandoned with no detriment to understanding but with various changes in emphasis. While these patterns of word order were the most frequent in Classical Latin prose, they were frequently varied. The strongest surviving evidence suggests that the word order of colloquial Latin was mostly Subject Object Verb. That can be found in some very conservative Romance languages, such as Sardinian and Sicilian in which the verb is still often placed at the end of the sentence (see Vulgar Latin). On the other hand, subject verb object word order was probably also common in ancient Latin conversation, as it is prominent in the Romance languages, which evolved from Latin. In poetry, however, word order was often changed for the sake of the meter for which vowel quantity (short vowels vs. long vowels and diphthongs) and consonant clusters, not rhyme and word stress, governed the patterns. One must bear in mind that poets in the Roman world wrote primarily for the ear, not the eye; many premiered their work in recitation for an audience. Hence, variations in word order served a rhetorical as well as a metrical purpose; they certainly did not prevent understanding. In Virgil's Eclogues, for example, he writes, Omnia vincit amor, et nōs cēdāmus amōrī! : "Love conquers all, let us too yield to love!". The words omnia (all), amor (love) and amōrī (to love) are thrown into relief by their unusual position in their respective phrases. The ending of the common Roman name Mārcus is different in each of the following pairs of examples because of its grammatical usage in each pair. The ordering in the second sentence of each pair would be correct in Latin and clearly understood, whereas in English it is awkward, at best, and meaningless, at worst:
*Mārcus ferit Cornēliam*: Маркус Корнелияны ұрады. (Тақырып – Етістік – Толықтық)
*Mārcus Cornēliam ferit*: Маркус Корнелияны ұрады. (Тақырып – Толықтық – Етістік)
*Cornēlia dedit Mārcō dōnum*: Корнелия Маркусқа сыйлық берді. (Тақырып – Етістік – Жанама толықтық – Тікелей толықтық)
*Cornēlia Mārcō dōnum dedit*: Корнелия Маркусқа сыйлық берді. (Тақырып – Жанама толықтық – Тікелей толықтық – Етістік)
Mārcus ferit Cornēliam: Marcus hits Cornelia. (subject–verb–object)
Mārcus Cornēliam ferit: Marcus Cornelia hits. (subject–object–verb)
Cornēlia dedit Mārcō dōnum: Cornelia gave Marcus a gift. (subject–verb–indirect object–direct object)
Cornēlia Mārcō dōnum dedit: Cornelia (to) Marcus a gift gave. (subject–indirect object–direct object–verb)
Mārcus Cornēliam ferit: Marcus Cornelia hits. (subject–object–verb)
Cornēlia dedit Mārcō dōnum: Cornelia gave Marcus a gift. (subject–verb–indirect object–direct object)
Cornēlia Mārcō dōnum dedit: Cornelia (to) Marcus a gift gave. (subject–indirect object–direct object–verb)