Введение
Совокупность прав на имущество
In property law, title is an intangible construct representing a bundle of rights in (to) a piece of property in which a party may own either a legal interest or equitable interest. The rights in the bundle may be separated and held by different parties. It may also refer to a formal document, such as a deed, that serves as evidence of ownership. Conveyance of the document (transfer of title to the property) may be required in order to transfer ownership in the property to another person. Title is distinct from possession, a right that often accompanies ownership but is not necessarily sufficient to prove it (for example squatting). In many cases, possession and title may each be transferred independently of the other. For real property, land registration and recording provide public notice of ownership information. In United States law, evidence of title is typically established through title reports written up by title insurance companies, which show the history of title (property abstract and chain of title) as determined by the recorded public record deeds; the title report will also show applicable encumbrances such as easements, liens, or covenants. In exchange for insurance premiums, the title insurance company conducts a title search through public records and provides assurance of good title, reimbursing the insured if a dispute over the title arises. In the case of vehicle ownership, a simple vehicle title document may be issued by a governmental agency. The main rights in the title bundle are usually:
Exclusive possession
Exclusive use and enclosure
Acquisition
Conveyance, including by bequest
Access easement
Hypothecation
Partition
The rights in real property may be separated further, examples including:
Water rights, including riparian rights and runoff rights
In some U. S. states, water rights are completely separate from land—see prior appropriation water rights
Mineral rights
Easement to neighboring property, for utility lines, etc. Tenancy or tenure in improvements
Timber rights
Farming rights
Grazing rights
Hunting rights
Air rights
Development rights to erect improvements under various restrictions
Appearance rights, often subjected to local zoning ordinances and deed restrictions
Possession is the actual holding of a thing, whether or not one has any right to do so. The right of possession is the legitimacy of possession (with or without actual possession), evidence for which is such that the law will uphold it unless a better claim is proven. The right of property is that right which, if all relevant facts are known (and allowed), defeats all other claims. Each of these may be in a different person. For example, suppose A steals from B something that B had previously bought in good faith from C and that C had earlier stolen from D and that had been an heirloom of D's family for generations but had originally been stolen centuries earlier (though this fact is now forgotten by all) from E. Here A has the possession, B has an apparent right of possession (as evidenced by the purchase), D has the absolute right of possession (being the best claim that can be proven), and the heirs of E, if they knew it, would have the right of property, which they however could not prove. A good title consists of the combination of these three (possession, right of possession, and right of property) in the same person(s). The extinguishing of ancient, forgotten, or unasserted claims, such as E's in the example above, was the original purpose of statutes of limitations. Otherwise, title to property would always be uncertain.
В имущественном праве титул – это нематериальная конструкция, представляющая собой совокупность прав в отношении имущества, в котором сторона может обладать либо законным правом, либо правом справедливости (долевым правом). Права, входящие в эту совокупность, могут быть разделены и принадлежать разным сторонам. Титул может также относиться к формальному документу, такому как договор купли-продажи, который служит доказательством права собственности. Передача этого документа (передача титула на имущество) может потребоваться для передачи права собственности другому лицу. Титул отличается от владения, права, которое часто сопутствует собственности, но не всегда достаточно для ее подтверждения (например, самозахват). Во многих случаях владение и титул могут быть переданы независимо друг от друга. В отношении недвижимости, регистрация прав на землю и запись в реестре обеспечивают публичное уведомление об информации о собственности. В законодательстве Соединенных Штатов доказательство титула обычно устанавливается посредством отчетов о титуле, составляемых страховыми компаниями, которые отражают историю титула (выписка из реестра и цепочка титулов), установленную на основании зарегистрированных публичных документов; в отчете о титуле также указываются применимые обременения, такие как сервитуты, залоги или ограничения. В обмен на страховые премии, компания по страхованию титула проводит поиск по публичным реестрам и предоставляет гарантию действительности титула, возмещая убытки страхователю в случае возникновения спора о праве собственности. В случае владения транспортным средством, простой документ, удостоверяющий право собственности на транспортное средство, может быть выдан государственным органом. Основными правами, входящими в совокупность прав титула, обычно являются:
In property law, title is an intangible construct representing a bundle of rights in (to) a piece of property in which a party may own either a legal interest or equitable interest. The rights in the bundle may be separated and held by different parties. It may also refer to a formal document, such as a deed, that serves as evidence of ownership. Conveyance of the document (transfer of title to the property) may be required in order to transfer ownership in the property to another person. Title is distinct from possession, a right that often accompanies ownership but is not necessarily sufficient to prove it (for example squatting). In many cases, possession and title may each be transferred independently of the other. For real property, land registration and recording provide public notice of ownership information. In United States law, evidence of title is typically established through title reports written up by title insurance companies, which show the history of title (property abstract and chain of title) as determined by the recorded public record deeds; the title report will also show applicable encumbrances such as easements, liens, or covenants. In exchange for insurance premiums, the title insurance company conducts a title search through public records and provides assurance of good title, reimbursing the insured if a dispute over the title arises. In the case of vehicle ownership, a simple vehicle title document may be issued by a governmental agency. The main rights in the title bundle are usually:
Exclusive possession
Exclusive use and enclosure
Acquisition
Conveyance, including by bequest
Access easement
Hypothecation
Partition
The rights in real property may be separated further, examples including:
Water rights, including riparian rights and runoff rights
In some U. S. states, water rights are completely separate from land—see prior appropriation water rights
Mineral rights
Easement to neighboring property, for utility lines, etc. Tenancy or tenure in improvements
Timber rights
Farming rights
Grazing rights
Hunting rights
Air rights
Development rights to erect improvements under various restrictions
Appearance rights, often subjected to local zoning ordinances and deed restrictions
Possession is the actual holding of a thing, whether or not one has any right to do so. The right of possession is the legitimacy of possession (with or without actual possession), evidence for which is such that the law will uphold it unless a better claim is proven. The right of property is that right which, if all relevant facts are known (and allowed), defeats all other claims. Each of these may be in a different person. For example, suppose A steals from B something that B had previously bought in good faith from C and that C had earlier stolen from D and that had been an heirloom of D's family for generations but had originally been stolen centuries earlier (though this fact is now forgotten by all) from E. Here A has the possession, B has an apparent right of possession (as evidenced by the purchase), D has the absolute right of possession (being the best claim that can be proven), and the heirs of E, if they knew it, would have the right of property, which they however could not prove. A good title consists of the combination of these three (possession, right of possession, and right of property) in the same person(s). The extinguishing of ancient, forgotten, or unasserted claims, such as E's in the example above, was the original purpose of statutes of limitations. Otherwise, title to property would always be uncertain.
* Исключительное владение
* Исключительное пользование и ограждение
* Приобретение
* Передача, в том числе по завещанию
* Сервитут прохода
* Ипотека
In property law, title is an intangible construct representing a bundle of rights in (to) a piece of property in which a party may own either a legal interest or equitable interest. The rights in the bundle may be separated and held by different parties. It may also refer to a formal document, such as a deed, that serves as evidence of ownership. Conveyance of the document (transfer of title to the property) may be required in order to transfer ownership in the property to another person. Title is distinct from possession, a right that often accompanies ownership but is not necessarily sufficient to prove it (for example squatting). In many cases, possession and title may each be transferred independently of the other. For real property, land registration and recording provide public notice of ownership information. In United States law, evidence of title is typically established through title reports written up by title insurance companies, which show the history of title (property abstract and chain of title) as determined by the recorded public record deeds; the title report will also show applicable encumbrances such as easements, liens, or covenants. In exchange for insurance premiums, the title insurance company conducts a title search through public records and provides assurance of good title, reimbursing the insured if a dispute over the title arises. In the case of vehicle ownership, a simple vehicle title document may be issued by a governmental agency. The main rights in the title bundle are usually:
Exclusive possession
Exclusive use and enclosure
Acquisition
Conveyance, including by bequest
Access easement
Hypothecation
Partition
The rights in real property may be separated further, examples including:
Water rights, including riparian rights and runoff rights
In some U. S. states, water rights are completely separate from land—see prior appropriation water rights
Mineral rights
Easement to neighboring property, for utility lines, etc. Tenancy or tenure in improvements
Timber rights
Farming rights
Grazing rights
Hunting rights
Air rights
Development rights to erect improvements under various restrictions
Appearance rights, often subjected to local zoning ordinances and deed restrictions
Possession is the actual holding of a thing, whether or not one has any right to do so. The right of possession is the legitimacy of possession (with or without actual possession), evidence for which is such that the law will uphold it unless a better claim is proven. The right of property is that right which, if all relevant facts are known (and allowed), defeats all other claims. Each of these may be in a different person. For example, suppose A steals from B something that B had previously bought in good faith from C and that C had earlier stolen from D and that had been an heirloom of D's family for generations but had originally been stolen centuries earlier (though this fact is now forgotten by all) from E. Here A has the possession, B has an apparent right of possession (as evidenced by the purchase), D has the absolute right of possession (being the best claim that can be proven), and the heirs of E, if they knew it, would have the right of property, which they however could not prove. A good title consists of the combination of these three (possession, right of possession, and right of property) in the same person(s). The extinguishing of ancient, forgotten, or unasserted claims, such as E's in the example above, was the original purpose of statutes of limitations. Otherwise, title to property would always be uncertain.
Права на недвижимое имущество могут быть разделены еще дальше, например:
In property law, title is an intangible construct representing a bundle of rights in (to) a piece of property in which a party may own either a legal interest or equitable interest. The rights in the bundle may be separated and held by different parties. It may also refer to a formal document, such as a deed, that serves as evidence of ownership. Conveyance of the document (transfer of title to the property) may be required in order to transfer ownership in the property to another person. Title is distinct from possession, a right that often accompanies ownership but is not necessarily sufficient to prove it (for example squatting). In many cases, possession and title may each be transferred independently of the other. For real property, land registration and recording provide public notice of ownership information. In United States law, evidence of title is typically established through title reports written up by title insurance companies, which show the history of title (property abstract and chain of title) as determined by the recorded public record deeds; the title report will also show applicable encumbrances such as easements, liens, or covenants. In exchange for insurance premiums, the title insurance company conducts a title search through public records and provides assurance of good title, reimbursing the insured if a dispute over the title arises. In the case of vehicle ownership, a simple vehicle title document may be issued by a governmental agency. The main rights in the title bundle are usually:
Exclusive possession
Exclusive use and enclosure
Acquisition
Conveyance, including by bequest
Access easement
Hypothecation
Partition
The rights in real property may be separated further, examples including:
Water rights, including riparian rights and runoff rights
In some U. S. states, water rights are completely separate from land—see prior appropriation water rights
Mineral rights
Easement to neighboring property, for utility lines, etc. Tenancy or tenure in improvements
Timber rights
Farming rights
Grazing rights
Hunting rights
Air rights
Development rights to erect improvements under various restrictions
Appearance rights, often subjected to local zoning ordinances and deed restrictions
Possession is the actual holding of a thing, whether or not one has any right to do so. The right of possession is the legitimacy of possession (with or without actual possession), evidence for which is such that the law will uphold it unless a better claim is proven. The right of property is that right which, if all relevant facts are known (and allowed), defeats all other claims. Each of these may be in a different person. For example, suppose A steals from B something that B had previously bought in good faith from C and that C had earlier stolen from D and that had been an heirloom of D's family for generations but had originally been stolen centuries earlier (though this fact is now forgotten by all) from E. Here A has the possession, B has an apparent right of possession (as evidenced by the purchase), D has the absolute right of possession (being the best claim that can be proven), and the heirs of E, if they knew it, would have the right of property, which they however could not prove. A good title consists of the combination of these three (possession, right of possession, and right of property) in the same person(s). The extinguishing of ancient, forgotten, or unasserted claims, such as E's in the example above, was the original purpose of statutes of limitations. Otherwise, title to property would always be uncertain.
* Водные права, включая права прибрежных владельцев и права на сток воды
* В некоторых штатах США водные права полностью отделены от земельных – см. права на воду по принципу первого пришедшего – первого обслуженного
* Минеральные права
* Сервитут на соседний участок земли для прокладки коммуникаций и т.п.
* Право аренды или владения улучшениями
* Права на древесину
* Права на ведение сельского хозяйства
* Права на выпас скота
* Права на охоту
* Воздушные права
* Права на застройку с различными ограничениями
* Права на внешний вид, часто регулируемые местными правилами зонирования и ограничениями, указанными в договоре купли-продажи
In property law, title is an intangible construct representing a bundle of rights in (to) a piece of property in which a party may own either a legal interest or equitable interest. The rights in the bundle may be separated and held by different parties. It may also refer to a formal document, such as a deed, that serves as evidence of ownership. Conveyance of the document (transfer of title to the property) may be required in order to transfer ownership in the property to another person. Title is distinct from possession, a right that often accompanies ownership but is not necessarily sufficient to prove it (for example squatting). In many cases, possession and title may each be transferred independently of the other. For real property, land registration and recording provide public notice of ownership information. In United States law, evidence of title is typically established through title reports written up by title insurance companies, which show the history of title (property abstract and chain of title) as determined by the recorded public record deeds; the title report will also show applicable encumbrances such as easements, liens, or covenants. In exchange for insurance premiums, the title insurance company conducts a title search through public records and provides assurance of good title, reimbursing the insured if a dispute over the title arises. In the case of vehicle ownership, a simple vehicle title document may be issued by a governmental agency. The main rights in the title bundle are usually:
Exclusive possession
Exclusive use and enclosure
Acquisition
Conveyance, including by bequest
Access easement
Hypothecation
Partition
The rights in real property may be separated further, examples including:
Water rights, including riparian rights and runoff rights
In some U. S. states, water rights are completely separate from land—see prior appropriation water rights
Mineral rights
Easement to neighboring property, for utility lines, etc. Tenancy or tenure in improvements
Timber rights
Farming rights
Grazing rights
Hunting rights
Air rights
Development rights to erect improvements under various restrictions
Appearance rights, often subjected to local zoning ordinances and deed restrictions
Possession is the actual holding of a thing, whether or not one has any right to do so. The right of possession is the legitimacy of possession (with or without actual possession), evidence for which is such that the law will uphold it unless a better claim is proven. The right of property is that right which, if all relevant facts are known (and allowed), defeats all other claims. Each of these may be in a different person. For example, suppose A steals from B something that B had previously bought in good faith from C and that C had earlier stolen from D and that had been an heirloom of D's family for generations but had originally been stolen centuries earlier (though this fact is now forgotten by all) from E. Here A has the possession, B has an apparent right of possession (as evidenced by the purchase), D has the absolute right of possession (being the best claim that can be proven), and the heirs of E, if they knew it, would have the right of property, which they however could not prove. A good title consists of the combination of these three (possession, right of possession, and right of property) in the same person(s). The extinguishing of ancient, forgotten, or unasserted claims, such as E's in the example above, was the original purpose of statutes of limitations. Otherwise, title to property would always be uncertain.
Владение – это фактическое обладание вещью, независимо от того, имеет ли лицо на это право. Право владения – это законность владения (с фактическим владением или без него), доказательство которого таково, что закон будет его поддерживать, если не будет предъявлено более сильное требование. Право собственности – это право, которое, при известных и допустимых фактах, превосходит все другие требования. Каждое из этих прав может принадлежать разным лицам. Например, предположим, что А крадет у Б вещь, которую Б ранее добросовестно приобрел у С, а С ранее украл у Д, и эта вещь была фамильной реликвией Д на протяжении поколений, но изначально была украдена много веков назад (хотя этот факт сейчас всеми забыт) у Е. В этом случае А обладает вещью, Б имеет очевидное право владения (подтвержденное покупкой), Д имеет абсолютное право владения (являясь лучшим доказуемым требованием), а наследники Е, если бы они знали об этом, имели бы право собственности, которое, однако, они не смогли бы доказать. Действительный титул состоит из сочетания этих трех прав (владение, право владения и право собственности) в одном и том же лице (лицах). Пресечение давных, забытых или не заявлявшихся требований, таких как требование Е в приведенном выше примере, было первоначальной целью исковой давности. В противном случае право собственности всегда было бы неопределенным.
In property law, title is an intangible construct representing a bundle of rights in (to) a piece of property in which a party may own either a legal interest or equitable interest. The rights in the bundle may be separated and held by different parties. It may also refer to a formal document, such as a deed, that serves as evidence of ownership. Conveyance of the document (transfer of title to the property) may be required in order to transfer ownership in the property to another person. Title is distinct from possession, a right that often accompanies ownership but is not necessarily sufficient to prove it (for example squatting). In many cases, possession and title may each be transferred independently of the other. For real property, land registration and recording provide public notice of ownership information. In United States law, evidence of title is typically established through title reports written up by title insurance companies, which show the history of title (property abstract and chain of title) as determined by the recorded public record deeds; the title report will also show applicable encumbrances such as easements, liens, or covenants. In exchange for insurance premiums, the title insurance company conducts a title search through public records and provides assurance of good title, reimbursing the insured if a dispute over the title arises. In the case of vehicle ownership, a simple vehicle title document may be issued by a governmental agency. The main rights in the title bundle are usually:
Exclusive possession
Exclusive use and enclosure
Acquisition
Conveyance, including by bequest
Access easement
Hypothecation
Partition
The rights in real property may be separated further, examples including:
Water rights, including riparian rights and runoff rights
In some U. S. states, water rights are completely separate from land—see prior appropriation water rights
Mineral rights
Easement to neighboring property, for utility lines, etc. Tenancy or tenure in improvements
Timber rights
Farming rights
Grazing rights
Hunting rights
Air rights
Development rights to erect improvements under various restrictions
Appearance rights, often subjected to local zoning ordinances and deed restrictions
Possession is the actual holding of a thing, whether or not one has any right to do so. The right of possession is the legitimacy of possession (with or without actual possession), evidence for which is such that the law will uphold it unless a better claim is proven. The right of property is that right which, if all relevant facts are known (and allowed), defeats all other claims. Each of these may be in a different person. For example, suppose A steals from B something that B had previously bought in good faith from C and that C had earlier stolen from D and that had been an heirloom of D's family for generations but had originally been stolen centuries earlier (though this fact is now forgotten by all) from E. Here A has the possession, B has an apparent right of possession (as evidenced by the purchase), D has the absolute right of possession (being the best claim that can be proven), and the heirs of E, if they knew it, would have the right of property, which they however could not prove. A good title consists of the combination of these three (possession, right of possession, and right of property) in the same person(s). The extinguishing of ancient, forgotten, or unasserted claims, such as E's in the example above, was the original purpose of statutes of limitations. Otherwise, title to property would always be uncertain.
Справедливая и законная собственность
В общей юрисдикции справедливое право собственности – это право на получение полного владения имуществом, когда другое лицо сохраняет за собой юридическое право собственности на это имущество. При заключении договора купли-продажи земли справедливый интерес переходит к покупателю. Когда условия договора купли-продажи выполнены, юридическое право собственности переходит к покупателю в процессе, известном как закрытие сделки. Имущество, проданное на основе справедливого права собственности, имеет неразрывную юридическую цепочку прав собственности и зарегистрированный переход прав в местном муниципалитете. Юридическое право собственности – это фактическое владение имуществом, например, когда имущество приобретено, продавец полностью оплачен, а правоустанавливающий документ или свидетельство о праве собственности надлежащим образом зарегистрированы. Справедливое право собственности отделяется от юридического права собственности после смерти владельца юридического права собственности (собственника). Например: когда лицо, обладающее юридическим правом собственности, умирает, наследники по закону или бенефициары по завещанию автоматически получают справедливый интерес к имуществу. Когда исполнитель или администратор признается таковым, это лицо приобретает юридическое право собственности, подлежащее отчуждению после завершения управления имуществом таким образом, чтобы обеспечить законный переход юридического права собственности к лицам, имеющим справедливый интерес. В результате слияния юридического и справедливого прав собственности возникает «безупречное право собственности», часто называемое рыночным правом собственности. Юридическое и справедливое право собственности также возникает в трасте. В трасте одно лицо может владеть юридическим правом собственности, например, попечитель, а другое лицо – справедливым правом собственности, например, бенефициар.
Приложения
В странах с развитой системой частной собственности документы, удостоверяющие право собственности, обычно используются для недвижимости, автотранспортных средств и некоторых видов нематериального имущества. Когда такие документы применяются, они часто являются частью системы регистрации, позволяющей подтвердить право собственности на такое имущество. В некоторых случаях документ о праве собственности может также служить постоянной юридической записью о признании имущества обремененным (например, в случае списанного или подлежащего утилизации автомобиля). В отношении недвижимости юридическим инструментом для передачи права собственности от одного лица или организации другому является договор купли-продажи (или акт). Существует известное правило, согласно которому вор не может передать действительное право собственности, поэтому проверка документов о праве собственности является обычной практикой (или настоятельно рекомендуется) при покупке многих видов дорогостоящего имущества (особенно недвижимости). В некоторых округах и муниципалитетах США стандартная проверка документов о праве собственности (обычно сопровождаемая страхованием титула) требуется законом как часть процедуры передачи права собственности. Наивысшее право собственности – это наилучшее право в абсолютной собственности, доступное законному владельцу. Лицо, владеющее недвижимым имуществом на основании наивысшего права собственности, имеет более сильное (или лучшее, или "преимущественное") право в иске об установлении права собственности. Эта концепция по своей сути относительна. Наивысшее право собственности не всегда является лучшим (или самым высоким), поскольку оно неизбежно основано на праве собственности другого лица. Иск об установлении права собственности – это судебный процесс, направленный на устранение любых обременений права собственности, таких как конкурирующие требования или права на недвижимое имущество, например, отсутствующие наследники, арендаторы, ревертеры, остаточные права и залогодержатели, все из которых претендуют на право собственности на дом или землю. Технические проблемы с правом собственности включают в себя опечатки, непогашенные долги, незарегистрированные сделки и любые неточности, которые могут указывать на разрыв в цепочке владения. В каждом штате США существуют различные процедуры для подачи иска об установлении права собственности. Однако большинство предметов личного пользования не имеют официального документа, удостоверяющего право собственности. Для таких предметов владение является самым простым доказательством права собственности, если только обстоятельства не вызывают сомнений в законности владения. Подтверждение законного приобретения, такое как счет-фактура или товарный чек, является дополнительным доказательством. Передача владения добросовестному покупателю обычно передает право собственности, если не требуется предоставление документа.
Политические вопросы
Калифорния запрещала лицам не являющимся гражданами США (в основном азиатам) владеть землей до тех пор, пока закон не был признан неконституционным в 1952 году. В настоящее время в Соединенных Штатах нет ограничений на владение землей иностранцами, хотя продажа недвижимости иностранными гражданами, не являющимися резидентами, подлежит определенным специальным правилам налогообложения.
Название аборигенов
До создания Соединенных Штатов право собственности на индейские земли в землях, контролируемых Великобританией в Северной Америке, регулировалось Королевским провозглашением от 7 октября 1763 года. Это провозглашение короля Георга III зарезервировало право собственности на землю за индейцами, при условии отчуждения только Короной. Это продолжало действовать как закон Канады после Американской революции. В Соединенных Штатах индейский титул – это производное право, которым обладают коренные американцы в Соединенных Штатах на землю, которую они традиционно занимали и использовали. Оно было впервые признано в… В этом суде очень быстро укрепилась доктрина о том, что, хотя право собственности на земли, занятые индейцами во время прибытия колонистов, переходило к суверенному государству – сначала к открывшей европейской державе, а затем к первоначальным штатам и Соединенным Штатам – тем не менее признавалось право коренных племен на владение этими землями. Это право, иногда называемое индейским титулом и имеющее силу по отношению ко всем, кроме суверена, могло быть прекращено только суверенным актом. После организации Соединенных Штатов и принятия Конституции эти племенные права на индейские земли стали исключительной прерогативой федерального законодательства. Индейский титул, признаваемый лишь правом владения, мог быть погашен только Соединенными Штатами. Oneida Indian Nation v. County of Oneida, 414 U.S. 661, 667 (1974). Обычно индейский титул погашался посредством договора.