Рейнланд-Пфальц: земля в Германии

State in Germany

the German state

Rhineland Palatinate (,/r//aɪ//n//l//æ//n//d// //p//ə/'/l//æ//t//ɪ//n//ɪ//t//, // //l//ə//n//d// / RYNEland pəLATinit, lənd , /USalso// //ɪ//n//eɪ//t/ inayt; link=no ; ; ) is a western state of Germany. It covers and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the sixteen states. Mainz is the capital and largest city. Other cities are Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Koblenz, Trier, Kaiserslautern, Worms and Neuwied. It is bordered by North Rhine Westphalia, Saarland, Baden Württemberg and Hesse and by France, Luxembourg and Belgium. Rhineland Palatinate was established in 1946 after World War II, from parts of the former states of Prussia (part of its Rhineland and Nassau provinces), Hesse (Rhenish Hesse) and Bavaria (its former outlying Palatinate kreis or district), by the French military administration in Allied occupied Germany. Rhineland Palatinate became part of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 and shared the country's only border with the Saar Protectorate until the latter was returned to German control in 1957. Rhineland Palatinate's natural and cultural heritage includes the extensive Palatinate winegrowing region, picturesque landscapes, and many castles and palaces. Rhineland Palatinate is currently the only federal state in Germany where nuclear weapons are stored extraterritorially under the responsibility and supervision of US forces.

The state of Rhineland Palatinate was founded shortly after the Second World War, on 30 August 1946. It was formed mainly from the southern part of the Prussian Rhine Province (the Regierungsbezirke of Koblenz and Trier), from Rhenish Hesse, from the western part of Nassau and the Bavarian Rhenish Palatinate minus the county of Saarpfalz. The Joint German Luxembourg Sovereign Region (Gemeinschaftliches deutsch luxemburgisches Hoheitsgebiet) is the only unincorporated area of the state of Rhineland Palatinate. This condominium is formed by the rivers Moselle, Sauer, and Our, where they run along the border between Luxembourg and Rhineland Palatinate or the Saarland. It was initially called Rhenish Palatinate (Rheinpfälzisches Land or Land Rheinpfalz); the name Rhineland Palatinate (Rheinland Pfalz) was first confirmed in the constitution of 18 May 1947. The provisional French government at that time wanted originally to leave the option open of annexing further areas west of the Rhine after the Saarland was turned into a protectorate. When the Americans and British, however had led the way with the establishment of German states, the French came under increasing pressure and eventually followed their example by setting up the states of Baden, Württemberg Hohenzollern, and Rhineland Palatinate. However the French military government forbade the Saarland from joining Rhineland Palatinate. Mainz was named as the state capital in the regulation; the "Mixed Commission" (Gemischte Kommission), named as the highest organ of state charged with the administration of the new state and with the preparation of an advisory state assembly, started its work in Mainz. However war damage and destruction meant that Mainz did not have enough administrative buildings, so the headquarters of the state government and parliament was provisionally established in Koblenz. On 22 November 1946, the constituent meeting of the Advisory State Assembly (Beratende Landesversammlung) took place there, and a draft constitution was drawn up. Previously, local elections had been held. Wilhelm Boden was (after a short term of office as the Oberregierungspräsident of Rhineland Hesse Nassau) nominated on 2 December as the minister president of the new state by the French military government.

Adolf Süsterhenn submitted to the Advisory State Assembly a draft constitution, which was passed after several rounds of negotiation on 25 April 1947 in a final vote, with the absolute majority of the CDU voting for and the SPD and KPD voting against. A point of contention involved the draft constitution providing for separate schools based on Christian denomination. On 18 May 1947, 53% of the electorate adopted the Constitution for Rhineland Palatinate in a referendum. While the Catholic north and west of the new state adopted the constitution by a majority, the majority in Rhenish Hesse and the Palatinate voted against it. On the same date the first elections took place for the state parliament, the Landtag of Rhineland Palatinate. The inaugural assembly of parliament took place on 4 June 1947 in the large city hall at Koblenz. Wilhelm Boden was elected the first minister president of Rhineland Palatinate. Just one month later, Peter Altmeier succeeded him. The constitutional bodies the Government ( Landesregierung), the Parliament ( [[Landtag of Rhineland Palatinate) and the Constitutional Court ( Verfassungsgerichtshof) – established their provisional seat in Koblenz. In the following period, Koblenz and Mainz each emphasized their suitability as the state capital in a public debate. From the beginning, Minister President Altmeier pressed for Mainz as the capital because he knew that the south of the country, especially the Palatinate, would not accept Koblenz, which was far to the north and formerly Prussian. On 16 May 1950, the Landtag decided to relocate itself and the Landesregierung from Koblenz to Mainz. After the government and parliament moved to Mainz, many state authorities and courts remained in Koblenz, including the Constitutional Court and the State Archives. In addition, the German Federal Archives and Federal Office of Hydrology were established in Koblenz in 1952.

A sense of community developed only very gradually in the "land of the retort", which had been established largely without regard to the historical affiliations of its inhabitants. It was given little chance of survival, especially as it had very few large industrial centres. However, the establishment of numerous military bases, both Allied and Bundeswehr, helped to some extent to boost the economy. In 1956, under Article 29 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, petitions were made in the regions of Koblenz, Trier, Montabaur, Rhenish Hesse, and Palatinate for their separation from the state and incorporation into the respective states of North Rhine Westphalia, Hesse, Bavaria, and Baden Württemberg. All petitions for a referendum except those in the administrative district of Palatinate won the necessary majority; however, almost 20 years passed before the referendums finally took place. On 19 January 1975, none of the regions concerned returned a majority for being transferred to another state. This put an end to decades of discussion. Only the AKK conflict, a dispute over the districts of Mainz Amöneburg, Mainz Kastel, and Mainz Kostheim, has continued to exercise politicians up to the present day.

Rhineland Palatinate is divided into 24 districts (Landkreise), 12 independent cities (Kreisfreie Städte).

In 2018, 40.3% of the population of the state adhered to the Roman Catholic Church and 26.8% to the Protestant Church in Germany; 32.9% of the population was irreligious or adheres to other religions. Muslims made up 5.0% of the total.

The league of ShUM cities in the later Rhineland Palatinate comprised the Jewish communities of Mainz, Speyer, and Worms, which became the center of Jewish life during medieval times. The Takkanot Shum , or Enactments of ShU"M were a set of decrees formulated and agreed upon over a period of decades by their Jewish community leaders. Today, there are approximately 20,000 Jews (0.5% of the population) living in the state.

The gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 147.0 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 4.4% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,100 euros or 110% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 102% of the EU average.

Rhineland Palatinate leads all German states with an export rate around 50%. Of 13 wine regions producing quality wine in Germany, six ([[Rheinhessen (wine region), and [[Ahr (wine region)) are located in Rhineland Palatinate, with 65 to 70% of the production of wine grapes in Germany having their origin within the state. About 13,000 wine producers generate 80 to 90% of the German wine export. The total estimated production from the six Rhineland Palatinate regions was nearly 7 million hectoliters in 2018. Traditional grape varieties and a wide range of varieties developed during the last 125 years are characteristic for the region. Classical white varieties are cultivated at These comprise the famous Rieslings , Müller Thurgau , Silvaner , and [[Kerner (grape)
The share of red varieties grew constantly during the last decades and amounts to Dornfelder, a recent cultivar, is the leading red grape cultivated on , which is more than a third. Blauer Portugieser and [[Pinot noir#Germany show also appreciable cultivated shares. In addition, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Chardonnay as white varieties and Regent and St. Laurent as red varieties have been increasing their share, as the growing conditions improve in Rhineland Palatinate. The state supports the wine industry by providing a comprehensive consultancy and education program in the service supply centers (DLR) of the land. The Geilweilerhof Institute for Grape Breeding is fully financed by the state. Many well known new varieties such as Morio Muskat, Bacchus, Optima, and Regent have been created in these institutes. The worldwide leader in sparkling wine production, producing 224,4 million bottles in 2017/18, is the renowned Schloss Wachenheim Group. This company is headquartered in Trier, with operations in several locations in Rhineland Palatinate and 3 sites in France (Compagnie Française des Grands Vins (CFGV)). Other renowned sparkling wine producers such as Kupferberg, Deinhard, and Henkell also had their roots in the region, but now belong to companies outside the state as a result of business consolidation.

The unemployment rate stood at 4.1% in October 2018 and was lower than the German average. Year2000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018Unemployment rate in %7.36.87.27.77.78.88.06.55.66.15.75.35.35.55.45.25.14.84.4