Высота: определение и виды измерения

Measure of vertical distance
the measure of vertical distance

Height is measure of vertical distance, either vertical extent (how "tall" something or someone is) or vertical position (how "high" a point is). For example, "The height of that building is 50 m" or "The height of an airplane in flight is about 10,000 m". For example, "Shaq O’Neal is 7 foot 1 inches in vertical height." When the term is used to describe vertical position (of, e. g., an airplane) from sea level, height is more often called altitude. Furthermore, if the point is attached to the Earth (e. g., a mountain peak), then altitude (height above sea level) is called elevation. In a two dimensional Cartesian space, height is measured along the vertical axis (y) between a specific point and another that does not have the same y value. If both points happen to have the same y value, then their relative height is zero. In the case of three dimensional space, height is measured along the vertical z axis, describing a distance from (or "above") the x y plane.

The English language word high is derived from Old English hēah, ultimately from Proto Germanic *xauxa z, from a PIE base *keuk The derived noun height, also the obsolete forms heighth and highth, is from Old English híehþo, later héahþu, as it were from Proto Germanic *xaux iþa.

Although height is normally relative to a plane of reference, most measurements of height in the physical world are based upon a zero surface, known as sea level. Both altitude and elevation, two synonyms for height, are usually defined as the position of a point above the mean sea level. One can extend the sea level surface under the continents: naively, one can imagine a lot of narrow canals through the continents. In practice, the sea level under a continent has to be computed from gravity measurements, and slightly different computational methods exist; see Geodesy, heights. In addition to vertical position, the vertical extent of geographic landmarks can be defined in terms of topographic prominence. For example, the highest mountain (by elevation in reference to sea level) belongs to Mount Everest, located on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China; however the tallest mountain, by measurement of apex to base, is Mauna Kea in Hawaii, United States.

Geodesists formalize mean sea level (MSL) by means of the geoid, the equipotential surface that best fits MSL. Then various types of height (normal, dynamic, orthometric, etc.) can be defined, based on the assumption of density of topographic masses necessary in the continuation of MSL under the continents. A purely geometric quantity is the ellipsoidal height, reckoned from the surface of a reference ellipsoid, see Geodetic system, vertical datum.

In aviation terminology, the terms height, altitude, and elevation are not synonyms. Usually, the altitude of an aircraft is measured from sea level, while its height is measured from ground level. Elevation is also measured from sea level, but is most often regarded as a property of the ground. Thus, elevation plus height can equal altitude, but the term altitude has several meanings in aviation.

Human height is one of the areas of study within anthropometry. While environmental factors have some effect on variations in human height, these influences are insufficient to account for all differences between populations, suggesting that genetic factors are important for explaining variations between human populations. The United Nations uses height (among other statistics) to monitor changes in the nutrition of developing nations. In human populations, average height can distill down complex data about the group's birth, upbringing, social class, diet, and health care system. In their research, Baten, Stegl and van der Eng came to the conclusion that a change in the average height is a sign for a change in the economic development. With broad data of Indonesia, the researchers state that several incidents in the history of the country has led not only to a change in the economy but also to a change in the population's average height.