Население и перемещение населения Сирии в условиях войны.

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Syria's estimated pre–Syrian Civil War 2011 population was 22 ±.5 million permanent inhabitants, which included 21,124,000 Syrians, as well as 1.3 million Iraqi refugees The war makes an accurate count of the Syrian population difficult, as the numbers of Syrian refugees, internally displaced Syrians and casualty numbers are in flux. The CIA World Factbook showed an estimated 20.4m people as of July 2021. Of the pre war population, six million are refugees outside the country, seven million are internally displaced, three million live in rebel held territory, and two million live in the Kurdish ruled Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. Most modern day Syrians are described as Levantine Arabs by virtue of their modern day language and bonds to Arab culture and history. Genetically, Syrian Arabs are a variety of diverse Semitic speaking groups indigenous to the region. With around 10% of the population, Kurds are the second biggest ethnic group in Syria, followed by Turkmen.

More than six million refugees left the country during the civil war, of whom over five million are registered as refugees by the UNHCR as of mid 2019. Most of them fled to neighboring countries such as Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq, as well as European nations like Greece, Germany and Sweden. Since 2017, tens of thousands have returned. The war resulted in large scale displacement in the country. The UNHCR estimates internally displaced people (IDPs) at seven million. A further 70,000 people were trapped on the border with Jordan at Rukban in 2016–18, with up to 40,000 still there in 2019. A significant part of the population lives in territory outside government sovereignty. At its peak in 2015, ISIL ruled over ten million people across Syria and Iraq. The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (NES), commonly referred to as Rojava, has a population of around two million. Areas controlled by the opposition have had a population in the millions. In mid 2017, UN OCHA estimated that around 540,000 persons were trapped in besieged areas as of June 2017, the majority besieged by government forces in Eastern Ghouta. By the time the government retook Ghouta in April 2018, some 140,000 individuals had fled their homes and up to 50,000 were evacuated to Idlib and Aleppo governorates. The latter rebel areas had an estimated population of 3 million (40% of them displaced from defeated rebel areas). Fighting in Idlib has led to further displacements, of up to 250,000 people, and generating new refugee outflows to neighbouring Turkey. Displacement has led to demographic shifts. One example is the area in the North under control by Kurdish led and US backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Many human rights groups, including Amnesty International and international organizations have accused SDF forces of committing ethnic cleansing in Arab areas they were capturing from other war factions. The accusation was repeated on 8 May 2019 by Russia's foreign minister Sergey Lavrov. NGOs and the opposition have also accused the government of using the conflict to affect demographic restructuring.

In April 2016, the UN estimated that 400,000 people had died in the war, and casualties have continued since, with estimates for the total dead by mid 2019 of up to 220,000 civilians, 175,000 government combatants, and 174,000 anti government combatants (see Casualties of the Syrian Civil War).

In 1200, the territories of modern day Syria had an estimated population of 2.7 million. This number sharply decreased due to the Plague epidemic in 1348–1353, which killed off an estimated third of the Levant's population. By 1937, the population reached an estimated 2,368,000, still considerably lower than 1200's estimated population.

Since 1960, censuses have been conducted in 1960, 1970, 1981, 1994 and 2004. In 2014, 17,951,639, a massive decline due to nearly 4 million Syrian refugees leaving the country because of the Syrian Civil War and furthermore because of the death in the war. This is a drop of 9.7% from the previous year. In 2017, the head of the Syrian Commission for Family Affairs, Mohammad Akram al Qash, said that the Syrian population was 28 million, of which, 21 million were living in Syria and that 7 million were refugees. In 2018, the population was estimated to be 19,454,263 people. Ever since the Syrian Civil War, the population has been steadily declining, however rebounded in 2023, with an estimated population of 23,022,427 people.

(2011 07 01) (Estimates, including Palestinian refugees)Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal% Total 10 794 000 10 330 000 21 124 000 100 0 4 1 428 000 1 347 000 2 775 000 13.14 5 9 1 384 000 1 270 000 2 654 000 12.56 10 14 1 232 000 1 198 000 2 430 000 11.50 15 19 1 191 000 1 088 000 2 279 000 10.79 20 24 1 035 000 944 000 1 979 000 9.37 25 29 864 000 873 000 1 737 000 8.22 30 34 674 000 697 000 1 371 000 6.49 35 39 601 000 628 000 1 229 000 5.82 40 44 545 000 551 000 1 096 000 5.19 45 49 437 000 433 000 870 000 4.12 50 54 387 000 405 000 792 000 3.75 55 59 293 000 280 000 573 000 2.71 60 64 254 000 227 000 481 000 2.28 65+ 469 000 389 000 858 000 4.06Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent 0–14 4 044 000 3 815 000 7 859 000 37.20 15–64 6 281 000 6 126 000 12 407 000 58.73 65+ 469 000 389 000 858 000 4.06