Введение
Лирическое стихотворение Калидасы – Ртусамхара, часто пишется как Ртусамхара. Хотя стихотворение часто приписывается Калидасе, современные ученые не согласны с этой традиционной атрибуцией. По словам Зигфрида Лиенхарда, «Ртусамхара почти наверняка является работой какого-то поэта, чье имя не дошло до нас, и, вероятно, была написана где-то между Асвагошей (около 100 г. н.э.) и Калидасой (IV–V века). Слово риту (сезоны) в сочетании со словом самхара используется здесь в значении «соединение» или «группа». Таким образом, Ртусамхара переводилась как «Мелодия сезонов» или «Венок сезонов», возможно, более точно – как «Праздник сезонов», но также ошибочно переводилась как «рождение и смерть» сезонов, что связано с альтернативным значением самхара как разрушение. Эта поэзия, вызывающая яркие образы, написана в популярном метре Анустуб Чанда и состоит из 144 четверостиший. Собрание Уильяма Джонса стало первым текстом на санскрите, напечатанным и опубликованным в Калькутте (Колката) в 1792 году. Относительно этих стихов (4 и 9 стихов из ка́нто Гришма) майсурский ученый К. Кришнамурти говорит: «Чувственность и приторная любовь, изображенные в этих стихах, не могут принести славу ни одному поэту». Однако другие указывают на первичность шрингара-расы (считающейся первоисточником других рас), а также на баланс, к которому стремится поэт, противопоставляя влюбленных фону природы, как на достоинства этого произведения. Простые описания смены времен года перемежаются с более красочными:
Ṛtusaṃhāra, often written Ritusamhara,
While the poem is often attributed to Kalidasa, modern scholars disagree with this traditional attribution. According to Siegfried Lienhard "the Ṛtusaṃhāra is almost certainly the work of some poet whose name has not come down to us and was probably written sometime between Asvaghosa (about 100 A. D.) and Kalidasa (4th to 5th century).". The word Ritu (seasons) with the word saṃhāra is used here in the sense of "coming together" or "group". Thus, Ritusamhara has been translated as Medley of Seasons or Garland of Seasons, perhaps more aptly as the "Pageant of the Seasons", but also mistranslated as "birth and death" of seasons, which arises from the alternate meaning of samhāra as destruction. The evocative poetry is in the popular Anustubh Chanda form of four line stanzas a total of 144 stanzas. Collated by William Jones, this was the first Sanskrit text to be printed and published in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1792. Of these verses (4 9 of Grishma canto) the Mysore scholar K. Krishnamurthy says:
The sensuality and cloying love depicted in these verses is such that it cannot bring fame to any poet. However, others have cited the primacy of shringara rasa (considered as a primeval source for other rasas), and also the balance the poet seeks to achieve by setting the lovers against the background of nature, as redeeming features of the work. Simple evocations of changing seasons intersperse the more colorful ones:
The summer scorched forest is thrilled with joy at the touch of new showers,
A new pleasure sprouts on the Kadamba trees,
and every branch shakes in a gaiety unexplained. Every flower of Ketaki is blossomed
as if the forest has laughed. And peacocks dance with a precipitate joy. (Canto 2)
Cooled by the touch of fresh drops of water,
And perfumed by the flower laden fragrant Lasak trees
Aye! scented sweet by the Ketaki pollen,
the pleasing wind enraptures the lovelorn women. (Canto 2)
Выжженный летним зноем лес ликует от прикосновения первых дождей,
Новое наслаждение расцветает на деревьях Кадамба,
И каждая ветвь дрожит в необъяснимом веселье. Каждый цветок Кэтаки распускается,
Словно лес расхохотался. И павлины танцуют с безудержной радостью. (Канто 2)
Ṛtusaṃhāra, often written Ritusamhara,
While the poem is often attributed to Kalidasa, modern scholars disagree with this traditional attribution. According to Siegfried Lienhard "the Ṛtusaṃhāra is almost certainly the work of some poet whose name has not come down to us and was probably written sometime between Asvaghosa (about 100 A. D.) and Kalidasa (4th to 5th century).". The word Ritu (seasons) with the word saṃhāra is used here in the sense of "coming together" or "group". Thus, Ritusamhara has been translated as Medley of Seasons or Garland of Seasons, perhaps more aptly as the "Pageant of the Seasons", but also mistranslated as "birth and death" of seasons, which arises from the alternate meaning of samhāra as destruction. The evocative poetry is in the popular Anustubh Chanda form of four line stanzas a total of 144 stanzas. Collated by William Jones, this was the first Sanskrit text to be printed and published in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1792. Of these verses (4 9 of Grishma canto) the Mysore scholar K. Krishnamurthy says:
The sensuality and cloying love depicted in these verses is such that it cannot bring fame to any poet. However, others have cited the primacy of shringara rasa (considered as a primeval source for other rasas), and also the balance the poet seeks to achieve by setting the lovers against the background of nature, as redeeming features of the work. Simple evocations of changing seasons intersperse the more colorful ones:
The summer scorched forest is thrilled with joy at the touch of new showers,
A new pleasure sprouts on the Kadamba trees,
and every branch shakes in a gaiety unexplained. Every flower of Ketaki is blossomed
as if the forest has laughed. And peacocks dance with a precipitate joy. (Canto 2)
Cooled by the touch of fresh drops of water,
And perfumed by the flower laden fragrant Lasak trees
Aye! scented sweet by the Ketaki pollen,
the pleasing wind enraptures the lovelorn women. (Canto 2)
Охлажденный прикосновением свежих капель воды,
И благоухающий цветами, усыпанными ароматными деревьями Ласак,
Да, напоенный сладким ароматом пыльцы Кэтаки,
приятный ветер восхищает влюбленных женщин. (Канто 2)
Ṛtusaṃhāra, often written Ritusamhara,
While the poem is often attributed to Kalidasa, modern scholars disagree with this traditional attribution. According to Siegfried Lienhard "the Ṛtusaṃhāra is almost certainly the work of some poet whose name has not come down to us and was probably written sometime between Asvaghosa (about 100 A. D.) and Kalidasa (4th to 5th century).". The word Ritu (seasons) with the word saṃhāra is used here in the sense of "coming together" or "group". Thus, Ritusamhara has been translated as Medley of Seasons or Garland of Seasons, perhaps more aptly as the "Pageant of the Seasons", but also mistranslated as "birth and death" of seasons, which arises from the alternate meaning of samhāra as destruction. The evocative poetry is in the popular Anustubh Chanda form of four line stanzas a total of 144 stanzas. Collated by William Jones, this was the first Sanskrit text to be printed and published in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1792. Of these verses (4 9 of Grishma canto) the Mysore scholar K. Krishnamurthy says:
The sensuality and cloying love depicted in these verses is such that it cannot bring fame to any poet. However, others have cited the primacy of shringara rasa (considered as a primeval source for other rasas), and also the balance the poet seeks to achieve by setting the lovers against the background of nature, as redeeming features of the work. Simple evocations of changing seasons intersperse the more colorful ones:
The summer scorched forest is thrilled with joy at the touch of new showers,
A new pleasure sprouts on the Kadamba trees,
and every branch shakes in a gaiety unexplained. Every flower of Ketaki is blossomed
as if the forest has laughed. And peacocks dance with a precipitate joy. (Canto 2)
Cooled by the touch of fresh drops of water,
And perfumed by the flower laden fragrant Lasak trees
Aye! scented sweet by the Ketaki pollen,
the pleasing wind enraptures the lovelorn women. (Canto 2)
Переводы
"Ритусамхара" была переведена на английский язык Р. С. Пандитом и опубликована в 1947 году. "Ритусамхара" была переведена на тамильский язык и опубликована в 1950 году Т. Сатасива Айером. "Ритусамхара" была переведена в стихотворной форме на маратхи Дхананджаем Боркаром и опубликована издательством Varada Prakashan в 2012 году. Также она была переведена на каннада Баннандже Говиндачарьей под названием "Rutugala henige". "Ритусамхара" была одновременно переведена на хинди и английский языки, а также проиллюстрирована Рангеей Рагавом и издана Atmaram and Sons в 1973 году.