Пивенси: История и природа Восточного Сассекса

Village and parish in East Sussex, England

Pevensey ('/p//ɛ//v//ən//z//i/ PEVənzee) is a village and civil parish in the Wealden district of East Sussex, England. The main village is located north east of Eastbourne, one mile (1.6 km) inland from Pevensey Bay. The settlement of Pevensey Bay forms part of the parish. It was here that William the Conqueror made the landing in his invasion of England in 1066 after crossing the English Channel from Normandy.

Pevensey is situated on a spur of sand and clay, about above sea level. In Roman times this spur was a peninsula that projected into a tidal lagoon and marshes. A small river, Pevensey Haven, runs along the north side of the peninsula and would originally have discharged into the lagoon, but is now largely silted up. The lagoon extended inland as far north as Hailsham and eastwards to Hooe. With the effect of longshore drift this large bay was gradually cut off from the sea by shingle, so that today's marshes are all that remain behind the shingle beach. The marshes, known as the Pevensey Levels, cover an area of around 47 square miles (122 km2). The marshes are a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a large nature reserve, jointly owned by Natural England and the Sussex Wildlife Trust. There are many nationally rare plants and invertebrates, including the fen raft spider. The site is very fragile and general access is not permitted. Pevensey is also the start point of the 1066 Country Walk which is a long distance footpath covering many historical sites in the area.

The settlement of Pevensey Bay lies behind and on the shingle beach. Although small, it is nevertheless a seaside resort in miniature and has many of the facilities of its larger counterparts elsewhere. It is a clay bay, making it susceptible to erosion over time. The shingle beach at Pevensey Bay provides an important defence against flooding and storm damage from the sea for a large area of low lying land beyond. There are two Martello towers, constructed in 1806 as Napoleonic coastal defences. Before development commenced it was known as Wallsend; the 16th century Castle Hotel standing alone on the beach.

The earliest evidence for the name Pevensey is in later copies of charters dated to 788 and 790, and the name occurs in a variety of forms, including Pefensea, Pæfensea and Pævenisel. The name means "River of [a man named] Pefen" and derives from the Anglo Saxon personal name Pefen plus eã, "river", presumably a reference to the now largely silted up Pevensey Haven. The spellings Pemse and Pemsey indicate the local pronunciation , .

The Liberty (or Lowey) of Pevensey was an ancient now obsolete hundred, containing the parishes of Westham and Pevensey. They were entirely within the Levels and together regarded as constituting part of the port of Hastings, and consequently would be entitled to all the privileges and immunities enjoyed by the Cinque Ports and not part of the county of Sussex jurisdiction. This would have been the case until the system of hundreds as administration divisions was abandoned in the 19th century.

In the 16th century Pevensey became what was known as a "non corporate limb" of the Hastings, as part of the Confederation of the Cinque Ports. Along with most of the other Ports, its importance dwindled as the ports themselves became disconnected from the sea: Pevensey was two miles (3.2 km) distant. During the 18th and 19th centuries Pevensey Bay became involved in the south coast smuggling trade, since it was one of the easier places to land the contraband. In 1833 a violent clash occurred between the smugglers and customs men at Pevensey Bay. Some of the more than 100 Martello towers were erected along the beaches of Pevensey Bay at the beginning of the 19th century against Napoleonic attack.

In 1207 the town was granted a royal charter by King John and was governed by Pevensey Corporation. With the decline in the town's importance by the 19th century, the Corporation was eventually dissolved in 1886 and the town lost its borough status. The records of the Corporation are held in the East Sussex Record Office at Brighton, and a voluntary body, the Pevensey Town Trust, was formed to manage the property which had formerly belonged to the Corporation, most notably Pevensey Court House. Pevensey is now a village, with a parish council consisting of twelve elected councillors. Three councillors are elected to the Wealden District Council to represent Pevensey; the Member of Parliament is Huw Merriman, who represents the Bexhill and Battle Constituency, of which Pevensey is part. Pevensey is also part of the electoral ward called Pevensey and Westham. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 9,467.

Pevensey has 23 buildings of historic significance listed by English Heritage including the Grade I listed St Nicolas church and the Grade II* listed Old Mint House. In 2022 the Old Mint House was added to English Heritage's list of buildings at risk of disrepair.

The A259 road passes through Pevensey. Two railway stations serve the area: Pevensey and Westham and Pevensey Bay.

J. M. W. Turner painted Pevensey Castle. Pevensey features several times in Rudyard Kipling's Puck of Pook's Hill (1907). Kipling's characters describe it as "England's Gate", the reason for this being the above history. Kipling lived near to Pevensey at Burwash, and the area is described in his autobiography. The fall of Anderitum, now Pevensey, in the final years of Roman occupation features in the 1875 novel Anderida: or the Briton and the Saxon, A. D. CCCCXLI by Thomas Burnside Crowther. He drew on the account in Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Pevensey features in The Saxon Shore (1983), a book of photographs by photographer Fay Godwin. Pevensey is the setting for parts of George Gissing's 1887 novel Thyrza, with an especially fine description in Chapter XLI, "The Living". Robert Sheldon composed Pevensey Castle, published by C. L. Barnhouse in 1993. Pevensey, and in particular Pevensey Bay, feature in the 1946 crime novel Uneasy Terms by best selling author Peter Cheyney. In Chapter 7 the hero, a private detective called Slim Callaghan, goes for a ride out on Pevensey Bay with the alluring murder suspect, Corinne Alardyse. Pevensey Bay was the landing place of Gibreel Farishta and Saladin Chamcha in Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses. Pevensey was mentioned in the memoirs of comedian Spike Milligan. Based at nearby Bexhill, Pevensey’s Martello Tower was one of three Observation Posts to which Milligan and his fellow signallers were assigned during the Second World War and featured in Milligan's book Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall. According to Milligan, it was preferred to the other two: ‘’Most of us tried for the Martello on Pevensey Beach as the local birds were easier to lay, but you had to be quick because of the tides.’’ Milligan does not clarify which of the three towers in Pevensey was used.

Pevensey Bay Sailing Club offers a variety of classes of boats: the club played a leading role in the development of the National 12 and Merlin Rocket Development Class racing dinghies in the 1970s when it was the home club of Phil Morrison, the British yacht designer and father of Stevie Morrison, a British Olympic 49er sailor in the 2008 games. The village also has a village cricket team.