Ораньестад: История и современность столицы Арубы

Capital of Aruba

Oranjestad (/UK//ɒ/'/r//æ//n//j//ə//s//t//ɑː//t/ orrANyəstaht, /US//ɔː/'/r//ɑː//n// //, //oʊ/'/r//ɑː//n// / orAHN , ohRAHN , ; literally "Orange City"), the capital and most populous of Aruba's eight regions, is located on the southwestern coast of the island. In Papiamento, the local language, Oranjestad is commonly referred to as "Playa" by the locals. Administratively, the Oranjestad is divided into two regions: East and West. In 2010, the capital had a population of 28,294, and by 2020, it increased to 28,658. The trade boom, however, saw a decline around 1822 or 1823 due to a civil war, during which Simon Bolivar and the independence movement expelled the Spaniards from South America. Similar to Curaçao, trade dwindled, but a new drive for Aruban colonization emerged—the discovery of gold in 1824. During the visit of Governor Paulus Roelof Cantz'laar in 1824, the village was named Oranjestad after William I of the Netherlands. In 1805, Paardenbaai had 32 houses, which increased to 185 by 1824 and 196 by 1832. The village was described in 1837 as "of great size but so irregularly built that it resembles more a heap of scattered houses than anything that can be called a city". In 1860, approximately 1,000 out of Aruba's 2,849 inhabitants resided in the capital. In Oranjestad west, the Ranchoe (or Rancho) area formed a distinct neighborhood where the majority of the island's fishing population resided. In 1837, the Socotoro, a governmental plantation, cultivated cochineal known for its carmine red dye, and by 1845 Socotoro was allocated for aloe cultivation. Socotoro was not the sole plantation or area in Oranjestad to have cultivated the cochineal mites; Companashi, Mon Plaisir, and Sividivi were also included. The establishment of the Lago Oil and Transport Company and Arend Petroleum Company, oil refineries, not only led to a population increase but also brought about a significant increase in prosperity for Oranjestad. In Oranjestad along Paardenbaai, residents included traders, shopkeepers, and craftsmen. A select few, with larger pieces of land, ships, and shops, constituted the wealthier class. However, excessive wealth was rare. City houses usually resembled those in the districts. Notably luxurious city houses emerged in the period following the arrival of the oil industry (c. 1924 1930), as the business elite capitalized on the economic boost brought about by the oil industry.

In terms of geomorphology, Oranjestad is situated on limestone sediments from the Early Miocene, dating back to approximately 24 Ma. The city also includes man made expansion into the sea, featuring notable areas such as the Renaissance Marketplace (formerly Seaport Marketplace) and Queen Wilhelmina Park situated on reclaimed land. Additionally, the Important Bird Area MPA Oranjestad Reef Islands is located adjacent to the main harbor.

Oranjestad has a hot semi arid climate (Köppen BSh). Temperatures are high year round, the air is humid with low diurnal temperature variation also year round, whilst rainfall is very low due to the region lying in a zone of divergence between the southeast trade winds to the south and the North American Monsoon further north. The exception to this aridity occurs during the short rainy season from September to January when the southward retreat of the Intertropical Convergence Zone generates more frequent moist northeasterly winds.

There is some Dutch Colonial architecture. Due to increased government interest in maintaining the island's cultural heritage, a number of old buildings and houses in the center of town have been transformed into colorfully restored landmarks, such as the lime colored City Hall on Wilhelminastraat.

Oranjestad is home to the football teams SV Dakota, SV Racing Club Aruba, and SV River Plate Aruba, all of which play in the top Aruban Division di Honor.

Air Aruba once had its headquarters in Oranjestad. Air Aruba suspended its operations on 23 October 2000. Tiara Air has had its head office in Oranjestad since 2006, except between 2014 and 2016 when the company suspended services due to the Venezuelan Airline Crisis.

Several modern recreations have emerged, including the outdoor shopping mall at Royal Plaza, and a few scattered buildings along Main Street and on the Main Square. Fort Zoutman is one of the town's attractions, others being the tax free harbour and the Willem III Tower, located near the fort. There are about eight museums on the island.

The touristically named Renaissance Island (formerly Sonesta Island) is a cay (or barrier reef) island, officially known as the Bucuti Rif and it is off the coast near Oranjestad. It is privately owned and has the only private beaches on Aruba. There are two beaches: Iguana Beach and Flamingo Beach. A Beechcraft 18 and a Convair 400 were both deliberately sunk about offshore to create a diving site. Flamingoes can be seen on the island. However, they are not native to Aruba.

Oranjestad is conveniently connected to the Queen Beatrix International Airport, located from the city center. The downtown area is serviced by a tramway line. Caya G. F. Betico Croes, commonly known as Main Street or Caya, serves as Aruba's primary shopping destination in Oranjestad. However, in recent years, shoppers have increasingly favored Lloyd G. Smith Boulevard, the city's main thoroughfare. This shift is partly due to the boulevard's proximity to the cruise ship terminal ad harbour area. Paardenbaai is the largest passenger port on the island, accommodating up to five vessels. For cargo vessels, there's a port at Barcadera, situated to the east. Plans are underway to enhance loading capacity at Oranjestad, including the construction of a marina to address the insufficient docking space for yachts and fishing boats.

Oranjestad is home to the University of Aruba, which offers programs in law and economics, and to the island's largest secondary school (Colegio Arubano), both modeled on the Dutch system. Many students enroll in universities in the Netherlands for graduate and postgraduate degrees.