Ресейдегі маньси этносы

Indigenous ethnic group in Russia

The Mansi (Mansi: Мāньси / Мāньси мāхум, Māńsi / Māńsi māhum, ) are an Ob Ugric Indigenous people living in Khanty–Mansia, an autonomous okrug within Tyumen Oblast in Russia. In Khanty–Mansia, the Khanty and Mansi languages have co official status with Russian. The Mansi language is one of the postulated Ugric languages of the Uralic family. The Mansi people were formerly known as the Voguls. Together with the Khanty people, the Mansi are politically represented by the Association to Save Yugra, an organisation founded during Perestroika of the late 1980s. This organisation was among the first regional indigenous associations in Russia.

The ancestors of Mansi people populated the areas west of the Urals. Mansi findings have been unearthed in the vicinity of Perm. As per Nestor the Chronicler, Uleb Ragnvaldsson, posadnik of Novgorod led a war party to conquer Yurga, to conquer the historical homeland of Khanty (a. k. a. Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) peoples. Ragnvaldsson was defeated near Syktyvkar or to its west as Mansi inhabited large areas west of the Urals. This is one of the first records of Novgorod and later Russia laying claim and claiming dominance in an land where they had no or negligible presence. Some Russian historians claim that the Yurga were subjugated during the 12th century but historical records show Russian power was only established in the middle of the 18th century. Most likely Handi people were not initially aware they had become Novgorod or Russian subjects and their "new" masters were not aware who were their subordinates. During the middle ages, it is possible that Mansi could consider eastern Novgorod and Grand Duchy of Moscow areas as their own. Russian folklore identifies people of Yurga being bloodthirsty as natives of Yurga made possibly raids into areas controlled by Novgorod and Moscow. Mansi people were divided into principalities such as Kondia. 15th and 16th century these could be divided into a three categories: central, south and north. The central principalities was partially included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, some southern principalities were subjects of Siberian Khanate and northern principalities were independent as the knowledge of them was limited outside of region, limiting interest to conquer them. At the end of 16th century, Russian Empire made a decision to conquer the principalities that had belonged to Russia for so long. The push came under Russian Cossack ataman Yermak and it's influence did reach to the natives in the Obi river region starting a time of troubles lasting even till 18th century, until the times of Peter the Great. It took until end of 17th century for Russians to reach every corner of the their previously claimed area. This resulted in number of wars between Mansi principalities and Grand Duchy of Moscow. During 15th and 17th century was the peak time when Mansi conducted war parties on Russian lands. Mansi principalities leaders had sworn allegiance to the Russian Tsar however they did interpret it the way differently from Russians. Mansi lords user these sworn allegiances to convince local Mansi population that they are direct subjects Russian supreme leader and hence have full right to punish Russian nobility for their wrongdoings. Raids and war parties against Russian nobility created confusion in the regions near Ural mountains. As a result they were also popular with Russian peasants as it did give them freedom to improve their lives by stealing with "permit from Tsar" whatever they wished from nobility. Kondia raised an army of several hundred men and drove the missionaries out from their lands. Kondia was the most powerful principality at 17th century in Yurda but here were also others. There was Khandy principality called by Russians Obtorsk and in it settlement of Polnovat Vozh, now there is a town of Salekhard. In 1609, 'leadership of Kondia planned to push Russia out from Siberia and attack Beryozovo. To increase chances of success, alliance with other principalities, including Khanty principalities was considered. Finally with principalities Obdorski, Belogorje and Sosva an attack was made to Beryozovo. Alliance of Khanty run Obdorski may have been influenced by the fact that Obdorski did destroy Russian war party in tundra 1600. War was not successful and Russians pushed for the change of leadership of Kondia. Noblewoman Anna stepped down but continued to rule behind the scenes via her son and grandson. As a result, Russian Yasak were not paid until 1620 until Russia started demanding it specifically. Peace did not last long as Handi nobility made another alliance with Khandy nobleman Mamruk to drive all Russians away. Another conflict began 1611 1612 when Kondia started another war to drive Russians out, unsuccessfully. Bardak principality, whose area is located present day town of Surgut, rulers Kinema and Sueta, did attack 1691 village of Surgut. During this they stole the funds of local administration and panic broke out in Surgut. The funds stolen had came from taxing Nenets as local Mansi were either excluded from paying taxes or just chose to ignore taxes. Russians responded to Bardak mansi offence by liquidating the principality and enforcing taxes on all residents. Kondia was also specific as it did not pay Yasak until 1620 until Russia started demanding it from them. Latest conflict between Mansi and Russian state was Kazym rebellion in 1931–1934 where natives of Khanty Mansi Autonomous Okrug rebelled. Rebellion was crushed by the Red Army. This was the last known conflict with Russia by any of the Siberian tribes.

The Mansi are one of the closest linguistic relatives of modern Hungarians. Genetic data by Maroti et al. 2022, revealed high genetic affinity between Magyar conquerors and modern day Bashkirs, with both could be modeled as ~50% Mansi like, ~35% Sarmatian like, and ~15% Hun/Xiongnu like. The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BC.

The Mansi share many similarities with the Khanty people and together they are called Ob Ugric peoples. Their languages are closely related but also clearly distinct from each other. During the winter, the Mansi lived in stationary huts made out of earth and branches at permanent villages. During the spring, the Mansi moved towards hunting and fishing grounds, where they constructed temporary rectangular shaped shelters out of birch bark and poles.

The majority of Mansi men carry haplogroup N, which is commonly found among Uralic speaking peoples. 60 percent of them carry its subclade N1b P43 and 16 percent belong to subclade N1c. In a 2018 study, Mansi samples showed variation in the amounts of West and East Eurasian admixtures. Some of them clustered with the Khanty, while outlier samples had additional West Eurasian admixture, making them closer to Uralic speakers from Volga Ural region.