Ағылшыншамен салыстырыңыз: абзацты басыңыз — түпнұсқа терезеде ашылады. Абзац астындағы EN түймесі оны мәтін ішінде көрсетеді.
Мазмұны
Кіріспе
Жерді әр түрлі жерлерде пайдалануға рұқсат беретін мемлекеттік саясат – жерді пайдалануды жоспарлау практикасы.
Government policy allowing certain uses of land in different places
the land use planning practice
Қала құрылысында аймақтарға бөлу – муниципалитет немесе басқа да мемлекеттік деңгейлер жерді "аймақтарға" бөлетін әдіс, олардың әрқайсысы үшін жаңа құрылысқа қатысты басқа аймақтардан ерекшеленетін ережелер жиынтығы қарастырылған. Аймақтар бір түрлі мақсатта пайдалануға (мысалы, тұрғын үй, өнеркәсіптік) арналуы мүмкін, пайдалану бойынша бірнеше үйлесімді қызметтерді біріктіруі мүмкін, ал формаға негізделген аймақтарға бөлу жағдайында, ережелер рұқсат етілген ғимараттардың тығыздығын, мөлшерін және пішінін олардың мақсатына қарамастан реттеуі мүмкін. Әрбір аймақтың жоспарлау ережелері, берілген жобаға құрылыс рұқсаты берілуі мүмкін-мүмкін еместігін анықтайды. Аймақтарға бөлу жердің нақты және шартты түрде пайдалануының әртүрлі түрлерін белгілеуі мүмкін. Онда жер учаскелерінің мөлшері мен өлшемдері, сондай-ақ ғимараттардың пішіні мен көлемі көрсетілуі мүмкін. Бұл ережелер қаланың өсуі мен дамуын бағыттап, реттеу мақсатында жасалған. Аймақтарға бөлу – дамыған елдердегі жергілікті билік органдары қолданатын ең көп таралған қала құрылысы әдісі. Бұл ретте Ұлыбритания және Техас штатының Хьюстон қаласы сияқты ерекше жағдайлар да бар. Көптеген аймақтарға бөлу жүйелерінде ерекше жағдайларға (айрықтар) рұқсат беру процедурасы қарастырылған, әдетте, бұл мүліктің ерекше сипатынан туындаған қиындықтарға байланысты болады.
In urban planning, zoning is a method in which a municipality or other tier of government divides land into "zones", each of which has a set of regulations for new development that differs from other zones. Zones may be defined for a single use (e. g. residential, industrial), they may combine several compatible activities by use, or in the case of form based zoning, the differing regulations may govern the density, size and shape of allowed buildings whatever their use. The planning rules for each zone determine whether planning permission for a given development may be granted. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional uses of land. It may indicate the size and dimensions of lots that land may be subdivided into, or the form and scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order to guide urban growth and development. Zoning is the most common regulatory urban planning method used by local governments in developed countries. Exceptions include the United Kingdom and the City of Houston, Texas. Most zoning systems have a procedure for granting variances (exceptions to the zoning rules), usually because of some perceived hardship caused by the particular nature of the property in question.
Тарих
Зоналық бөлудің пайда болуы ежелгі дәуірге дейін жетеді. Ежелгі қоршалған қала жерді пайдалану бойынша жіктеу және реттеудің алғашқы үлгісі болды. Қала қабырғасының сыртында қоқыс пен жағымсыз иіс шығаратын, қала үшін қажетсіз қызметтер орналасқан. Қабырғалар арасында санитарлық талаптарға жатпайтын және қауіпті іс-әрекеттер, мысалы, мал сою, қалдықтарды тастау және кірпіш пісіру жүргізілді. Қабырғалардың ішінде азаматтық және діни орындар, сондай-ақ көпшілік халық тұратын жерлер болды. Қалалық және қалалық емес жерлерді ажыратудан өзге, ежелгі қалалар өз қабырғаларының ішінде жер түрлерін және олардың қолданылуын одан әрі жіктеді. Бұл әлемнің көптеген аймақтарында қолданылды, мысалы, Қытайда Чжоу әулеті тұсында (б.з.д. 1046 – 256 ж.), Үндістанда Веда дәуірінде (б.з.д. 1500 – 500 ж.), және Рим империясының аумағында тараған әскери лагерьлерде. Ағарту дәуірі мен өнеркәсіптік революция кезеңінде мәдени және әлеуметтік-экономикалық өзгерістер қалалық ережелерді күшейтуге және жаңаларын енгізуге алып келді. Пайдалану түрлерін бөлу, аймақтарға бөлу пайда болғанға дейін жоспарланған көптеген қалалардың ерекшелігі болды. Солтүстік Австралиядағы Аделаида қаласы осыған жақсы мысал бола алады, оның қалалық орталығы және Солтүстік Аделаида маңының барлық жағынан Аделаида саябақтарымен қоршалған. Бұл саябақты 1836 жылы полковник Уильям Лайт қалалық орталықты маңынан физикалық түрде бөлу мақсатымен жобалаған. Саябақты қоршаған тұрғын үйлердің тығыздығы төмен болды, бұл қаладағы жұмыс орны мен сырттағы отбасылық үйлер арасында жағымды серуендеуге мүмкіндік берді. Бақ қалалар қозғалысының негізін қалаушы сэр Эбенезер Ховард Аделаиданы қалалардың шекарасынан тысқары қарай кеңеюіне және бірігуіне жол бермеу үшін жасыл ашық кеңістікті қалай пайдалануға болатынын көрсететін мысал ретінде атады. Оның 1902 жылы жарық көрген «Ертеңгі бақ қалалары» атты кітабындағы идеалды қала жобасы қоғамдық ғимараттардың, саябақтардың, сауда алаңдарының, тұрғын үйлердің және өнеркәсіптік аймақтардың жеке-жеке шоғырланған сақиналарын қарастырды, олардың барлығы ашық кеңістік пен егістік жерлермен қоршалған. Барлық сауда қызметі бір шыны жабынған ғимарат ішінде жүргізілуі тиіс болды, бұл Кристалл сарайдан шабыт алған заманауи сауда орталығының алғашқы тұжырымдамасы еді. Алайда, бұл жоспарланған немесе идеалды қалалар бір ғана бас жоспарға енгізілген статикалық жобалар болды. Қаланың уақыт өте келе дамуына мүмкіндік беретін, құрылыс салушылар мен жеке азаматтарға не және қайда салынатынын анықтайтын реттеуші механизм болмады. Бірінші заманауи аймақтарға бөлу жүйелері 1904 жылғы Лос-Анджелес қаласының аймақтарға бөлу туралы қаулыларымен АҚШ-та енгізілді.
The origins of zoning districts can be traced back to antiquity. The ancient walled city was the predecessor for classifying and regulating land, based on use. Outside the city walls were the undesirable functions, which were usually based on noise and smell. The space between the walls is where unsanitary and dangerous activities occurred such as butchering, waste disposal, and brick firing. Within the walls were civic and religious places, and where the majority of people lived. Beyond distinguishing between urban and non urban land, most ancient cities further classified land types and uses inside their walls. This was practiced in many regions of the world – for example, in China during the Zhou Dynasty (1046 – 256 BC), in India during the Vedic Era (1500 – 500 BC), and in the military camps that spread throughout the Roman Empire (31 BC – 476 AD). Throughout the Age of Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, cultural and socio economic shifts led to the rapid increase in the enforcement and invention of urban regulations. Separation between uses is a feature of many planned cities designed before the advent of zoning. A notable example is Adelaide in South Australia, whose city centre, along with the suburb of North Adelaide, is surrounded on all sides by a park, the Adelaide Park Lands. The park was designed by Colonel William Light in 1836 in order to physically separate the city centre from its suburbs. Low density residential areas surround the park, providing a pleasant walk between work in the city within and the family homes outside. Sir Ebenezer Howard, founder of the garden city movement, cited Adelaide as an example of how green open space could be used to prevent cities from expanding beyond their boundaries and coalescing. His design for an ideal city, published in his 1902 book Garden Cities of To morrow, envisaged separate concentric rings of public buildings, parks, retail space, residential areas and industrial areas, all surrounded by open space and farmland. All retail activity was to be conducted within a single glass roofed building, an early concept for the modern shopping centre inspired by the Crystal Palace. However, these planned or ideal cities were static designs embodied in a single masterplan. What was lacking was a regulatory mechanism to allow the city to develop over time, setting guidelines to developers and private citizens over what could be built where. The first modern zoning systems were applied in the United States with the Los Angeles zoning ordinances of 1904
Түрлері
Зоналық бөлудің көптеген түрлері бар, олардың кейбіреулері ғимараттардың пішінін реттеуге және олардың көшеге қатысты орналасуын, сондай-ақ аралас мақсаттағы пайдалануды қамтиды, мұндайлары формаға негізделген зоналық бөлу деп аталады. Ал басқалары жерді пайдалануды бөліп, пайдалануға негізделген зоналық бөлу болып табылады, немесе олардың комбинациясы. Пайдалануға негізделген зоналық бөлу жүйелері жеке мақсаттағы аймақтарды, үйлесімді пайдалану тобының бірге орналасуына рұқсат етілген аралас мақсаттағы аймақтарды, немесе бір жүйеде жеке және аралас мақсаттағы аймақтардың комбинациясын қамтуы мүмкін. Басты тәсілдерге пайдалануға, формаға, нәтижеге және ынталандыруға негізделген зоналық бөлу кіреді. Негізгі тәсілдермен бірге қолданылатын қосымша зоналық бөлу шаралары да бар.
There are a great variety of zoning types, some of which focus on regulating building form and the relation of buildings to the street with mixed uses, known as form based, others with separating land uses, known as use based, or a combination thereof. Use based zoning systems can comprise single use zones, mixed use zones where a compatible group of uses are allowed to co exist or a combination of both single and mixed use zones in one system. The main approaches include use based, form based, performance and incentive zoning. There are also several additional zoning provisions used in combination with the main approaches.
Бір рет пайдаланылатын аймақтарға бөлу
Бір рет пайдаланылатын аймақтарды бөлудің негізгі мақсаты – географиялық тұрғыдан үйлесімсіз деп саналатын қолданыстарды бөлу. Іс жүзінде аймақтарға бөлу жаңа құрылыстың қолданыстағы қолданыстарға кедергі келтіруіне жол бермеу және/немесе қауымдастықтың ерекшелігін сақтау үшін де қолданылады. Бір рет пайдалануға арналған аймақтарда әрбір аймақ немесе аудан бойынша тек бір типті қолданысқа ғана рұқсат беріледі. Бұл сондай-ақ, шектеулі аймақтарға бөлу деп те аталады. Ол Солтүстік Америкада, әсіресе АҚШ-та алғаш рет енгізілгеннен бері аймақтарға бөлудің басым жүйесі болып табылады. Әрбір санаттың бірнеше кіші санаттары болуы мүмкін, мысалы, коммерциялық санатта шағын сауда, ірі сауда, кеңселер, қонақүйлер және басқа да арнайы аудандар болуы мүмкін, ал өнеркәсіптік салада ауыр өндіріс, жеңіл құрастыру және қоймаларға бөлінуі мүмкін. Қоғамдық нысандар, демалыс аймақтары және жасыл кеңістіктер сияқты мақсаттар үшін арнайы аудандар да құрылуы мүмкін. Бұл тәртіп күні және кеш бойы көшеде жеткілікті адамдар болып, олардың назарында болуы арқасында сақталады. Сәтті қалалық аудандарда әртүрлі қолданыстар болуы мүмкін, бұл қызығушылық туғызып, келушілерді тартады. Джейкобстың еңбектері, қалалардың таралуына байланысты алаңдаушылықтың артуымен бірге, көбінесе Жаңа урбанизм қозғалысын шабыттандырды деп есептеледі. Жаңа урбанизмнің кафелер, мейрамханалар, кеңселер және тұрғын үйлерді біріктіретін, жаяу жүруге ыңғайлы қалаларды құру мақсатына қол жеткізу үшін кейбір аймақтарға бөлу жүйелерінде аралас қолданыс аймақтары құрылды. Бұл әлі де аймақтарға бөлудің негізгі реттеу механизмдерін қолданады, ауыр өнеркәсіп немесе кәріз шаруашылықтары сияқты үйлесімсіз қолданыстарды ескермей, тұрғын үй, коммерциялық және бөлшек сауда сияқты үйлесімді қолданыстарға рұқсат береді, соның арқасында адамдар шағын географиялық аймақта өмір сүре алады, жұмыс істей алады және әлеуметтік қарым-қатынас жасай алады. Жерді пайдаланудың араласуы бүкіл әлемде кең таралған. Аралас аймақтарға бөлу АҚШ-та ерекше маңызға ие, онда ол кең таралған бір рет пайдаланылатын аймақтарға бөлуден туындаған мәселелерді шешу үшін ұсынылады.
The primary purpose of single use zoning is to geographically separate uses that are thought to be incompatible. In practice, zoning is also used to prevent new development from interfering with existing uses and/or to preserve the character of a community. Single use zoning is where only one kind of use is allowed per zone, or district. It is also known as exclusionary zoning It has been the dominant system of zoning in North America, especially the United States, since its first implementation. Each category can have a number of sub categories, for example, within the commercial category there may be separate districts for small retail, large retail, office use, lodging and others, while industrial may be subdivided into heavy manufacturing, light assembly and warehouse uses. Special districts may also be created for purposes like public facilities, recreational amenities, and green space. This order is maintained when, throughout the day and evening, there are sufficient people present with eyes on the street. This can be accomplished in successful urban districts that have a great diversity of uses, creating interest and attracting visitors. Jacobs' writings, along with increasing concerns about urban sprawl, are often credited with inspiring the New Urbanism movement. To accommodate the New Urbanist vision of walkable communities combining cafés, restaurants, offices and residential development in a single area, mixed use zones have been created within some zoning systems. These still use the basic regulatory mechanisms of zoning, excluding incompatible uses such as heavy industry or sewage farms, while allowing compatible uses such as residential, commercial and retail activities so that people can live, work and socialise within a compact geographic area. The mixing of land uses is common throughout the world. Mixed use zoning has particular relevance in the United States, where it is proposed as a remedy to the problems caused by widespread single use zoning.
Нысанға негізделген аймақтарға бөлу
Формаға негізделген немесе қарқындылық. Мысалы, тығыз орналасқан ауданда формаға негізделген аймақтарда минималды шегілулер, жоғары тығыздық және жаяу жүргіншілерге қолайлы жағдайлар талап етілуі мүмкін. Формаға негізделген кодекстер (ФБК) тұрғын ортаның физикалық құрылымына тікелей жауап беру арқылы, оны жүруге ыңғайлы және бейімделетін ортаға айналдыру үшін жасалған. Француз қалалық жоспарлау жүйесі көбінесе формаға негізделген; француз қалаларындағы аймақтар әдетте көптеген мақсаттарға рұқсат береді. Париж қаласы өз аймақтарға бөлу жүйесін Лондон немесе Нью-Йорктегідей, қаланың тарихи ғимараттарын бұзып, олардың орнына кеңсе ғимараттары салмау үшін, Ла-Дефанс ауданында кеңсе ғимараттарын шоғырландыру үшін пайдаланды. 1973 жылы Монпарнас мұнарасының салынуы наразылық тудырды. Осының салдарынан, құрылысы аяқталғаннан кейін екі жыл өткен соң, қала орталығында жеті қабаттан жоғары ғимараттар салуға тыйым салынды.
Form based or intensity For instance, form based zoning in a dense area may insist on low setbacks, high density, and pedestrian accessibility. Form based codes (FBCs) are designed to directly respond to the physical structure of a community in order to create more walkable and adaptable environments. The French planning system is mostly form based; zones in French cities generally allow many types of uses. The city of Paris has used its zoning system to concentrate high density office buildings in the district of La Défense rather than allow heritage buildings across the city to be demolished to make way for them, as is often the case in London or New York. The construction of the Montparnasse Tower in 1973 led to an outcry. As a result, two years after its completion the construction of buildings over seven storeys high in the city centre was banned.
Жүгіруді аймақтарға бөлу
Перформанстық аймақтарға бөлу, сондай-ақ икемді немесе әсерлі аймақтарға бөлу, немесе нәтижелерге негізделген жоспарлау деп те аталады, алғаш рет 1973 жылы Лейн Кендигпен ұсынылды. Ол жобаланған даму жобаларын қарау параметрлерін белгілеу үшін нәтижеге негізделген немесе мақсатқа бағытталған өлшемдерді пайдаланады. Перформанстық аймақтарға бөлу икемді, логикалық және түсінікті болып табылады, сонымен қатар есеп берудің бір түрін ұсынады. Бұл қасиеттер пайдалануға негізделген аймақтарға бөлудің көрінетін кездейсоқтығына қарсы келеді. Перформанстық аймақтарға бөлу аймақтың экологиялық және тұрғын үй қажеттіліктерін жергілікті билік органдары арасында әділ тепе-теңдікке келтіруге мүмкіндік береді. Перформанстық аймақтарға бөлу нарық принциптерін және жеке меншік құқықтарын қоршаған ортаны қорғау мақсаттарымен үйлестіреді. АҚШ қалалары ең көп ынталандыратын қоғамдық пайдалар – "аралас мақсаттағы даму, ашық кеңістікті сақтау, жаяу жүруге қолайлы жағдай, қолжетімді баспана және қоғамдық саябақтар".
Performance zoning, also known as flexible or impact zoning or effects based planning, was first advocated by Lane Kendig in 1973. It uses performance based or goal oriented criteria to establish review parameters for proposed development projects. Performance zoning is flexible, logical, and transparent while offering a form of accountability. These qualities are in contrast with the seemingly arbitrary nature of use based zoning. Performance zoning can also fairly balance a region's environmental and housing needs across local jurisdictions. Performance zoning balances principles of markets and private property rights with environmental protection goals. The public benefits most often incentivised by US cities are "mixed use development, open space conservation, walkability, affordable housing, and public parks."
Қосымша ережелер
Қосымша аймақтық шектеулер қарастырылған, олар жеке аймақтық шектеу түрлері емес, бірақ икемді тәжірибелерді және ақпараттық-коммуникациялық технологиялар (АКТ) сияқты басқа да элементтерді пайдалану арқылы қолданыстағы түрлерін жақсартуға бағытталған.
Additional zoning provisions exist that are not their own distinct types of zoning but seek to improve existing varieties through the incorporation of flexible practices and other elements such as information and communication technologies (ICTs).
Ақылды аймақтарға бөлу
Ақылды аймақ құру – ақпараттық және коммуникациялық технологияларды қолданатын, пайдалануға негізделген аймақ құрудың бірнеше баламасын қамтитын кең термин. Ақылды аймақ құрудың әртүрлі әдістері бар. Айналақтағы аймақтар, кластерлік аймақтарға бөлу және жоспарланған бірліктерді дамыту (PUD) мүмкін – тіпті дәстүрлі пайдалануға негізделген код қолданыста болса да. Немесе дәстүрлі кодты ақылды өнімділікке немесе формаға негізделген кодпен толық ауыстыруға болады, мысалы, 2019 жылы Майами қаласы жасағандай. Ақылды аймақ құруға кіріскенде, жаяу жүруге қолайлылық сияқты көрсеткіштерді өлшеу үшін АКТ-ны пайдалану, сондай-ақ ақылды аймақ құрудың икемділігі мен бейімделу қабілеті, «ақылды емес» өнімділікке немесе формаға негізделген кодтарға қарағанда артықшылықтары ретінде аталады. Егер айналақтағы аймақ құрудың шарттары орындалса, онда айналақтағы аймақ «айналуын» тоқтатады және оның орналасқан жері аймақтарға бөлу туралы өзгеріс арқылы анықталады. Бірақ, бұл өзгеріске байланысты жер участағы көлемінің азаюына байланысты, қазіргі тұрғындар наразылық білдіруі мүмкін.
Smart zoning is a broad term that consists of several alternatives to use based zoning that incorporate information and communication technologies. There are a number of different techniques to accomplish smart zoning. Floating zones, cluster zoning, and planned unit developments (PUDs) are possible—even as the conventional use based code exists—or the conventional code may be completely replaced by a smart performance or form based code, as the city of Miami did in 2019. The incorporation of ICTs to measure metrics such as walkability, and the flexibility and adaptability that smart zoning can provide, have been cited as advantages of smart zoning over "non smart" performance or form based codes. When the criteria for implementation of a floating zone are met, the floating zone ceases "to float" and its location is established by a zoning amendment. although existing residents may often disapprove due to a reduction in lot sizes.
Жоспарланған бірлік дамуы (ЖБЖ)
Жоспарланған бірлікті дамыту (PUD) термині реттеу процесіне немесе дамудың өзіне қатысты болуы мүмкін. PUD бір бірыңғай дамыту аясында үйлесімді бірнеше жер пайдалану түрлерін біріктіреді. Стандартты аймақтарға бөлу ережелерімен реттелудің орнына, әзірлеуші жергілікті билікпен шарттарды келіседі. Үлгілік аймақтарды құру тұрғын үй салудағы кедергілерді азайту, қолжетімді бағадағы тұрғын үйлерді көбейту, рұқсаттарды қарау жөніндегі қызметкерлердің жүктемесін жеңілдету және белгілі бір аудан немесе құзыретте сапалы тұрғын үй дизайнын жасау үшін қолданылады. Үлгілік аймақтарға бөлу сондай-ақ, "орталықта жоқ" тұрғын үйлер және қолжетімді шағын коммерциялық мүліктер сияқты белгілі бір ғимарат түрлерін дамытуға да мүмкіндік береді. Кейбір жағдайларда муниципалитет жобалау үлгілерін сатып алып, мүлікті өзі салады, ал басқа жағдайларда муниципалитет жеке даму үшін үлгілерді ұсынады.
The term planned unit development (PUD) can refer either to the regulatory process or to the development itself. A PUD groups multiple compatible land uses within a single unified development. Rather than being governed by standard zoning ordinances, the developer negotiates terms with the local government. Pattern zoning is used to reduce barriers to housing development, create more affordable housing, reduce burdens on permit review staff, and create quality housing designs within a certain neighborhood or jurisdiction. Pattern zoning may also be used to promote certain building types such as missing middle housing and affordable small scale commercial properties. In some cases, a municipality purchases design patterns and constructs the properties themselves while in other cases the municipality offers the patterns for private development.
Гибридті аймақтарға бөлу
Гибридтік аймақтарға бөлу кодексі екі немесе одан көп тәсілді біріктіреді, көбінесе пайдалануға негізделген және нысанға негізделген аймақтарға бөлуді. Гибридтік аймақтарға бөлу, аймақтарға бөлу ережесін толығымен қайта жазбай, қолданыстағы қауымдастықтың аймақтарға бөлуіне нысан мен жобалау мәселелерін енгізу үшін қолданылуы мүмкін. Біріктірілген аймақтарға бөлудің артықшылығы – әртүрлі мақсаттағы жапсарлас жерлер арасындағы тегіс өтулерді қамтамасыз ететін икемді аймақтарға бөлу аудандарын құру мүмкіндігі.
A hybrid zoning code combines two or more approaches, often use based and form based zoning. Hybrid zoning can be used to introduce form and design considerations into an existing community's zoning without completely rewriting the zoning ordinance. An advantage of composite zoning is the ability to create flexible zoning districts for smoother transitions between adjacent properties with different uses.
Үстіне жабылатын аймақтарға бөлу
Үстірт аймақ – бұл бір немесе бірнеше аумақтық бөлімдерге қабаттасатын аумақтық аудан, ол аталған аумақтың нақты мәселесін немесе ерекшелігін шешуге арналған, мысалы, батпақты жерлер, тарихи ғимараттар немесе көлікке бағытталған даму. Үстірт аймақтық бөлудің артықшылығы – табиғи құбылыс сияқты нақты мәселені шешу үшін мақсатты реттеуді қамтамасыз ету, бұл реттеудің қазіргі аумақтық ережелерін едәуір қайта жазу қажеттілігін жояды. Дегенмен, үстірт аймақтық реттеуді әзірлеу көбінесе маңызды техникалық біліктілікті қажет етеді. Бұл жер меншігімен бірге жерді пайдалану немесе жерді дамыту құқығы келеді деген ұғымға негізделген. Бұл жерге байланысты даму құқықтары кейбір юрисдикцияларда пайдаланылуы, пайдаланылмауы, сатылуы немесе жер учаскесінің иесіне басқа түрде берілуі мүмкін. Бұл әдетте ауылдық аймақтардан (жіберу орындары) қалалық аймақтарға (алу орындары) даму құқықтарын беру үшін қолданылады, онда дамуды қолдау үшін үлкен сұраныс пен инфрақұрылым бар. Кейбір жағдайларда, юрисдикция тіпті жалғыз жер учаскесін қайта аймаққа бөлуге мүмкіндік берсе де, нақты аймаққа бөлу, егер өзгеріс қолданыстағы жер пайдалану жоспарларының саясатына және мақсаттарына қайшы келсе, көбінесе рұқсат етілмейді. Бұл жағдайларда қарастырылатын басқа факторлар: жер учаскесінің мөлшері, аймаққа бөлу санаттары, көршілес жерлердің аймаққа бөлінуі мен пайдаланылуы, сондай-ақ жер иесі, көршілер және қоғам үшін күтілетін пайда мен зиян. Шарттар стандартты аймаққа бөлуге қарағанда көбірек немесе азырақ шектеулерді қамтуы мүмкін. Бұл әдетте мүлікті пайдалануға қатысты шектеулерді жеңілдетуді қамтиды. Шарттық аймаққа бөлу даулы және кейде тыйым салынған, өйткені ол кең ауқымды жоспарлау процесінен ауытқиды және аймаққа бөлуді жүзеге асыру үшін үкіметтің полициялық өкілеттіктерін заңсыз сауда деп есептеуге болады.
An overlay zone is a zoning district that overlaps one or more zoning districts to address a particular concern or feature of that area, such as wetlands, historic buildings or transit oriented development. Overlay zoning has the advantage of providing targeted regulation to address a specific issue, such as a natural hazard, without having to significantly rewrite an existing zoning ordinance. However, development of overlay zoning regulation often requires significant technical expertise. are based on the concept that with land ownership comes the right of use of land, or land development. These land based development rights can, in some jurisdictions, be used, unused, sold, or otherwise transferred by the owner of a parcel. These are typically used to transfer development rights from rural areas (sending sites) to urban areas (receiving sites) with more demand and infrastructure to support development. While a jurisdiction can rezone even a single parcel of land in some cases, spot zoning is often disallowed when the change would conflict with the policies and objectives of existing land use plans. Other factors that may be considered in these cases are the size of the parcel, the zoning categories involved, how adjacent properties are zoned and used, and expected benefits and harms to the landowner, neighbors, and community. The conditions may be more or less restrictive than the standard zoning. It typically involves loosening restrictions on how the property can be used. Contract zoning is controversial and sometimes prohibited because it deviates from the broader planning process and has been considered an illegal bargaining away of the government's police powers to enforce zoning.
Тиімділік пен сын
Экологиялық белсенділер күнделікті қажеттіліктерді бір-бірінен жаяу арақашықтығына орналастыру көлік қозғалысын күшейтеді дейді, себебі адамдар нормалды өмір сүру үшін, яғни негізгі қажеттіліктерін қанағаттандыру үшін көлікке ие болуға мәжбүр, және күні бойы сол көлікпен қажеттіліктерін өтеуге барады. Бір мақсатты пайдалануға арналған аймақтарға бөлу және қалалардың тым кеңінен жаюы жұмыс пен отбасы арасындағы тепе-теңдікті сақтауды қиындатады, өйткені өмірдің түрлі салаларын біріктіру үшін үлкен қашықтықтарды жүріп өту қажет. Бұл мәселелер АҚШ-та ерекше айқын, онда автокөліктің қолданылу деңгейі жоғары, ал қалалық теміржол және метро жүйелері жеткіліксіз немесе нашар күтілген. Кейбір экономистер аймақтарға бөлу заңдары экономикалық тиімділікке қарсы келеді, тұтынушылар сұранысына сезімталдық деңгейін төмендетеді және еркін экономикадағы дамуға бөгет жасайды, себебі нашар аймақтарға бөлу шектеулері берілген аумақты тиімді пайдалануға кедергі келтіреді. Тіпті аймақтарға бөлу шектеулері болмаса да, мысалы, қоқыс полигоны тұрғын үйлерге емес, арзан жерлерге орналасатын болады. Бір мақсатты пайдалануға арналған аймақтарға бөлу заңдары жаңашыл жобалар, мысалы, көп функциялы ғимараттардың жолына тосқауыл қойып, тіпті зиянсыз шараларды, мысалы, аула сатуларын тоқтатуы мүмкін. Дереккөздің сенімділігі жоқ: date=October 2020 Хьюстон мысалы, жеке және мемлекеттік жоспарлаудың үйлесімді комбинациясын көрсетеді, онда ешқандай жерді пайдалануға шектеу қойылмайды, бірақ басқа да даму ережелері бар. Аймақтарға бөлуді сынағандардың пікірінше, бұл заңдар тұрғын үймен қамтамасыз етуге кедергі келтіреді, нәтижесінде тұрғын үй бағасының өсуіне және өнімді экономикалық өнімнің төмендеуіне алып келеді. Мысалы, 2017 жылғы зерттеу көрсеткендей, егер барлық штаттар аймақтарға бөлу заңдарын Техас штатының деңгейінің жартысына дейін либералдаса (Техас штаттық аймақтарға бөлу ережелерінің төмендігімен белгілі), олардың ЖІӨ өнімді жұмыс күші мен мүмкіндіктердің артуына байланысты 12 пайызға өседі. Сондай-ақ, сыншылар бұл қайырымдылықпен тұрғын үй ұсынуға ниет білдіргендердің мүмкіндіктерін шектейді деп атап өтеді. Мысалы, 2022 жылы Нью-Йорктегі Гловерсвиллдегі еркін методист шіркеуі 4 градус суықта үйсіздерге 40 төсек ұсынуды жоспарлаған, бірақ оларға рұқсат берілмеді. Сыбайлас жемқорлық аймақтарға бөлу мәселесіне де кедергі келтіреді. Кейбіреулер аймақтарға бөлу заңдары экономикалық теңсіздікті күшейтеді деп санайды. Эмпирикалық зерттеулер кейбір аймақтарға бөлу тәсілдері тұрғын үй дағдарысына ықпал етуі мүмкін екенін көрсетеді.
Environmental activists argue that putting everyday uses out of walking distance of each other leads to an increase in traffic, since people have to own cars in order to live a normal life where their basic human needs are met, and get in their cars and drive to meet their needs throughout the day. Single use zoning and urban sprawl have also been criticized as making work–family balance more difficult to achieve, as greater distances need to be covered in order to integrate the different life domains. These issues are especially acute in the United States, with its high level of car usage combined with insufficient or poorly maintained urban rail and metro systems. Some economists claim that zoning laws work against economic efficiency, reduce responsiveness to consumer demands and hinder development in a free economy, as poor zoning restrictions hinder the more efficient usage of a given area. Even without zoning restrictions, a landfill, for example, would likely gravitate to cheaper land and not a residential area. Single use zoning laws can get in the way of creative developments like mixed use buildings and can even stop harmless activities like yard sales. Unreliable source: date=October 2020 The Houston example of non zoning or private zoning with no restriction on particular land use but with other development code shows a combination of private and public planing. Other critics of zoning argue that zoning laws are a disincentive to provide housing which results in an increase in housing costs and a decrease in productive economic output. For example, A 2017 study showed that if all states deregulated their zoning laws only halfway to the level of Texas, a state known for low zoning regulations, their GDP would increase by 12 percent due to more productive workers and opportunity. Furthermore, critics note that it impedes the ability of those that wish to provide charitable housing from doing so. For example, in 2022, Gloversville's Free Methodist Church in New York wished to provide 40 beds for the homeless population in 4 degree weather and were inhibited from doing so. Corruption is a challenge for zoning. Some have argued that zoning laws increase economic inequality. Empirical effectiveness estimates show some zoning approaches can contribute to housing crisis.
Австралия
Австралияда жерді пайдалануды аймақтарға бөлудің құқықтық негізін штаттар мен аумақтар белгілейді, сондықтан әр штаттың немесе аумақтың аймақтарға бөлудің әртүрлі ережелері бар. Жер пайдалану аймақтары, әдетте, жергілікті басқару деңгейінде анықталады және көбінесе жоспарлау схемалары деп аталады. Бірақ шындығында, барлық жағдайларда мемлекеттік үкіметтер жергілікті шешімдерді жоққа шығаруға толық құқылы. Шешімдерге шағымдану үшін VCAT сияқты әкімшілік шағым беру рәсімдері бар. Мемлекеттік / аумақтық жоспарлау жүйесі Жер пайдалануды реттеу АТТ 2008 жылғы Аумақтық жоспар Жер пайдалану саясаты НСУ 1979 жылғы Қоршаған ортаны жоспарлау және бағалау туралы заң Жергілікті қоршаған ортаны жоспарлау жоспарлары (LEP) НТ Жоспарлау туралы заң 2009 жылғы Тұрақты жоспарлау туралы заң күші жойылды. 2016 жылғы Жоспарлау туралы заң SA 1993 жылғы Даму туралы заң Жоспарлау жоспары TAS Жер пайдалануды жоспарлау және келісу туралы заң 1993 жылғы Жоспарлау схемалары VIC 1987 жылғы Жоспарлау және қоршаған орта туралы заң Жоспарлау схемалары WA 2005 жылғы Жоспарлау және даму туралы заң Жоспарлау схемалары.
The legal framework for land use zoning in Australia is established by States and Territories, hence each State or Territory has different zoning rules. Land use zones are generally defined at local government level, and most often called Planning Schemes. In reality, however in all cases the state governments have an absolute ability to overrule the local decision making. There are administrative appeal processes such as VCAT to challenge decisions. State / Territory Planning framework Land use regulation ACT Territory Plan 2008 Land Use Policy NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 Local Environmental Plans (LEP) NT Planning Act Planning Scheme QLD Sustainable Planning Act 2009 repealed. Planning Act 2016 Planning Schemes SA Development Act 1993 Development Plan TAS Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993 Planning Schemes VIC Planning and Environment Act 1987 Planning Schemes WA Planning and Development Act 2005 Planning Schemes
Заңнамалық жоспарлау, басқаша айтқанда қала құрылысы, дамуды бақылау немесе дамуды басқару, жоспарлау процесінің жерді пайдалану мен дамудағы өзгерістерді реттеуге және басқаруға қатысты бөлігі болып табылады. Жоспарлау және аймақтарға бөлудің маңызды саяси аспектілері бар, үкіметтер көбінесе құрылыс салушыларды қолдағандары үшін сыналған; сонымен қатар, "өз аулаңды қорғау" (nimbyism) та кең таралған.
Statutory planning, otherwise known as town planning, development control or development management, refers to the part of the planning process that is concerned with the regulation and management of changes to land use and development. Planning and zoning have a great political dimension, with governments often criticized for favouring developers; also nimbyism is very prevalent.
Канада
Канадада жерді пайдалануды бақылау – меншік және азаматтық құқықтар саласындағы конституциялық биліктен туындайтын провинциялық жауапкершілік. Бұл билік 1867 жылғы Британдық Солтүстік Америка актілері арқылы провинцияларға берілді және 1982 жылғы Конституциялық актіде сақталды. Зоналау құқығы жылжымайтын мүлікке, яғни жерге және оған орналасқан жақсартуларға (Квебекте – жылжымайтын мүлік) қатысты. Провинциялар муниципалитеттер мен аймақтарға өз шекараларындағы жерді пайдалануды бақылауға өкілеттік берді, соның нәтижесінде муниципалитеттер өздерінің аймақтары үшін зоналау ережелерін қабылдады. Провинциялардың ұйымдастырылмаған аудандарында да жерді пайдалануды бақылау шаралары қарастырылған. Провинциялық трибуналдар апелляциялық шағымдарды қарау және қайта қарау бойынша жоғары инстанция болып табылады.
In Canada, land use control is a provincial responsibility deriving from the constitutional authority over property and civil rights. This authority had been granted to the provinces under the British North America Acts of 1867 and was carried forward in the Constitution Act, 1982. The zoning power relates to real property, or land and the improvements constructed thereon that become part of the land itself (in Québec, immeubles). The provinces empowered the municipalities and regions to control the use of land within their boundaries, letting the municipalities establish their own zoning by laws. There are provisions for control of land use in unorganized areas of the provinces. Provincial tribunals are the ultimate authority for appeals and reviews.
Франция
Францияда қала құрылысы кодексі немесе Code de l’urbanisme (қала құрылысы кодексі деп аталады) – ұлттық заң болып табылады, ол аймақтық және жергілікті жоспарлауға бағыт береді және құрылысқа рұқсат алу тәртібін анықтайды. Англиядан өзгеше, онда жоспарлаушылар пайдалану немесе ғимарат типін өзгертуге қатысты өз дискрециясын қолдануға міндетті, Францияда жеке құрылысқа заңмен міндетті талаптарды сақтаған жағдайда рұқсат беріледі.
In France, the Code of Urbanism or Code de l’urbanisme (called the Town Planning Code), a national law, guides regional and local planning and outlines procedures for obtaining building permits. Unlike England where planners must use their discretion to allow use or building type changes, private development in France is permitted as long as the developer follows the legally binding regulations.
Жапония
Зоналық аудандар он екі пайдалану аймағына бөлінеді. Әрбір аймақ ғимараттың пішіні мен рұқсат етілген мақсатын анықтайды. Ғимараттың пішіні рұқсат етілген еден көлемі мен биіктігі бойынша аймақтық шектеулермен (абсолюттік мәнде және көрші ғимараттар мен жолдарға қатысты) реттеледі. Жергілікті билік сондай-ақ табиғи апаттарға бейім аймақтар, жергілікті халықтардың атамекендері, мұра аймақтары, экотұризм аймақтары, транзиттік-бағытталған дамулар (TOD) және көрнекті дәліздер сияқты арнайы пайдалану аймақтарын белгілейтін жапсырмаларды қоса алады. Тұрғын үй және коммерциялық аймақтар тығыздығы бойынша жіктелетін кіші топтарға бөлінеді, коммерциялық аймақтар тұрғын үйді пайдалануға мүмкіндік береді, ал өнеркәсіптік аймақтар қарқындылығы мен рұқсат етілген пайдаланудың қоршаған ортаға тигізетін әсеріне қарай бөлінеді.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Түр – Сипаттама
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Орман – Ормандар, қорғау ормандары мен өндіріс ормандарына бөлінеді. Қорғау ормандары орман қоры, ұлттық парктері мен қорғалған аумақтар, әскери және азаматтық қорықтар, сондай-ақ орманды қалалық буферлік аймақтарды қамтиды. Өндіріс ормандары орман шаруашылығы жерлерін, арнайы пайдалану аймақтарын және жайылымдық жерлерді қамтиды.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Ауыл шаруашылығы – Егіншілік, ағаш өсіру, мал шаруашылығы, құс шаруашылығы, балық шаруашылығы және аквакультураны қамтитын ауыл шаруашылығы қызметіне арналған жер. Ауыл шаруашылығы департаменті белгілеген ауыл шаруашылығы қорғау аймақтарымен қорғалатын ауыл шаруашылығы және өндірістік ауыл шаруашылығына бөлінеді.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Агроөнеркәсіптік – Интеграцияланған шаруашылықтар мен жиналған өнімді өңдеуге арналған.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Муниципалды сулар – Балық шаруашылығы кодексінде (8550 Республикалық заң) анықталған муниципалитеттің құзырына жататын, ұлттық үкімет тарапынан қорғалатын аймақтар ретінде белгіленген аумақтардан басқа, барлық су объектілері. Балық аулаудың тынығу орындары мен қасиетті орындары, жағалаудағы жерлер, мангр, дельта/эстуар, көлдер, аквакультура аймақтары, коммерциялық балық аулау аймақтары, муниципалды балық аулау аймақтары және теңіз жолдарына бөлінеді.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Минералды жерлер – Кен өндіруге арналған жерлер. Минералды резервтерге, шағын масштабты кен аймақтарына және карьерлерге бөлінеді.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Жалпы тұрғын үй – Негізінен тұрғын үй салуға арналған.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Тұрғын үй 1 (R 1) – Төмен, аз тығыздықтағы, бір отбасылық тұрғын үйлерге арналған, мысалы, жеке тұрғын үйлер, дуплекстер және коттеджтік аудандар. Үйдегі кәсіп және бизнес, шағын дүкендер, үйдегі қолөнер, жергілікті демалыс орындары, балабақшалар, бастауыш мектептер, репетиторлар, ғибадат орындары, ауылдық әкімшіліктер және жергілікті денсаулық сақтау орталықтарына рұқсат етіледі. Ғимараттар үш қабатқа дейін және тұрғын үй 2 (R 2) биіктігіне дейін болуы мүмкін. R 1 аймақтарындағы барлық мақсаттарға рұқсат етіледі, пәтерлер, пансионаттар, жатақханалар, орта мектептер, техникалық мектептер, мұражайлар және кітапханалар рұқсат етіледі. Негізгі R 2 және максималды R 2 болып бөлінеді, біріншісі үш қабатқа дейін және тұрғын үй 3 (R 3) төмен және орташа биіктікке, орташа және жоғары тығыздыққа, көп отбасылық тұрғын үйлерге арналған. Ғимараттардың биіктігі он екі қабатқа дейін болуы мүмкін. R 1 және R 2 аймақтарындағы барлық мақсаттарға рұқсат етіледі, тұрғын үй кондоминиумдары және коммерциялық тұрғын үйлер (мейманханалар, зейнеткерлер үйлері, қонақ үйлер, мотельдерден басқа) және тұрақ ғимараттарына рұқсат етіледі. Негізгі R 3 және максималды R 3 болып бөлінеді, біріншісі үш қабатты биіктікке ие және тұрғын үй 4 (R 4) қалалық үйлерге арналған. Ғимараттар үш қабатқа дейін және R 1 және R 2 аймақтарындағы барлық мақсаттарға рұқсат етіледі. Тұрғын үй 5 (R 5) – Орташа және жоғары биіктіктегі, жоғары тығыздықтағы, көп отбасылық тұрғын үйлерге арналған, мысалы, жоғары қабатты тұрғын үй кондоминиумдары. Ғимараттың биіктігі 18 қабатқа дейін болуы мүмкін.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Әлеуметтік тұрғын үй – Филиппин үкіметі немесе жеке сектордың әлеуметтік тұрғын үй жобалары үшін бөлінген аумақтарда аз қамтылған азаматтар мен үйсіздерді орналастыруға арналған. Batas Pambansa No 220-де белгіленген рұқсат етілген мақсаттар.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Жалпы коммерциялық – Кәсіпорындар, сауда және қызмет көрсету үшін арналған.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Коммерциялық 1 (C 1) – Шағын тығыздықтағы, аудандық масштабтағы кәсіпорындарға арналған. R 1 аймақтарындағы барлық мақсаттарға рұқсат етіледі. Ғимараттар 3 қабатқа дейін және коммерциялық 2 (C 2) биіктігіне дейін болуы мүмкін. Қаланың немесе муниципалитеттің орталық бизнес ауданын (CBD) толықтыратын немесе күшейтетін орташа және жоғары тығыздықтағы бизнес қызметіне арналған. R 1, R 2 және C 1 аймақтарындағы барлық мақсаттарға рұқсат етіледі, сонымен қатар көтерме сауда дүкендері, қоғамдық базарлар, сауда орталықтары, супермаркеттер, колл-орталықтар, телерадио студиялары, автосалондар, автокөлік қызметтері, металл жинаушылар, аппараттық дүкендер, құрылысқа қатысты кәсіпорындар, гүл дүкендері, дәнекерлеушілер, жиһаз жасаушылар, коммерциялық кондоминиумдар, лечон дүкендері, чичарон фабрикалары және мотельдерге рұқсат етіледі. Ғимараттар 6 қабатқа дейін және коммерциялық 3 (C 3) биіктігіне дейін болуы мүмкін. Қаланың немесе муниципалитеттің CBD құрайтын жоғары тығыздықтағы коммерциялық аймақ. R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 және C 2 аймақтарындағы барлық мақсаттарға рұқсат етіледі, сонымен қатар аймақтық сауда орталықтарына рұқсат етіледі. Ғимараттар 60 қабатқа дейін және өнеркәсіптік 1 (I 1) биіктігіне дейін болуы мүмкін. Жеңіл өндіріс немесе ластамайтын өндіріс қызметіне арналған. Кейбір рұқсат етілген мақсаттар: кептірілген балық өндірісі, печенье фабрикалары, қайықтар, моторлық қайықтар және шағын кемелерді жасау, баспаханалар, көптеген электроника фабрикалары, медициналық жабдықтарды жасау, ағаштан жасалған жиһазды жасау, киім фабрикалары, су сорғы станциялары, кәріздік немесе сарғыш суларды тазарту қондырғылары және ластамайтын және қауіпсіз емес өнімдерді сақтауға арналған қоймалар. Аймақтарда саябақтар немесе ойын алаңдары болуы мүмкін. Ғимараттардың биіктігі өнеркәсіптік 2 (I 2) биіктігіне дейін болуы мүмкін. Орташа қарқынды өндіріс немесе ластайтын өндіріс қызметіне арналған. Кейбір рұқсат етілген мақсаттар: консервілеу өсімдіктері, күріш немесе жүгері тірмендері, мал азырақтау тірмендері, медицина және фармацевтикалық өндірушілер, металл және пластик жиһаз өндірушілер, шыны фабрикалары, киім және тоқыма фабрикалары, күріш тірмендері, ұн тірмендері, сигарет фабрикалары, көлік құралдарын жасаушылар, кеме жасаушылықтар, ангарлар, ластайтын және қауіпті өнімдерді сақтауға арналған қоймалар, бояу дүкендері және ірі сою орындары. Аймақтарда саябақтар немесе ойын алаңдары болуы мүмкін. Ғимараттардың биіктігі өнеркәсіптік 3 (I 3) биіктігіне дейін болуы мүмкін. Жоғары қарқынды өндіріс немесе өндіріс қызметіне арналған, әдетте жоғары ластануға және өте қауіптіге ұшырайтын. Кейбір рұқсат етілген мақсаттар: ет өңдеу өсімдіктері (жамбас, бекон, шұжық және чичарон үшін емес), газдалған су фабрикалары, қант фабрикалары, қағаз фабрикалары, цемент фабрикалары, химиялық өсімдіктер, болат зауыттары, тоқыма фабрикалары, консервіленген балық фабрикалары, багонг және патис фабрикалары, май қоймалары, терминалдар және мұнай өңдеу зауыттары, жоғары ластануға және қауіпті өнімдерді сақтауға арналған қоймалар және электр станциялары. Аймақтарда саябақтар немесе ойын алаңдары болуы мүмкін. Ғимараттардың биіктігі жалпы институционалдық биіктігіне дейін болуы мүмкін. Негізінен үкіметтік немесе азаматтық орталықтарға, полиция және өрт станцияларына, үкіметтік ғимараттарға, жоғары білім беру мекемелеріне (колледждер, университеттер, кәсіптік, техникалық немесе сауда мектептеріне), оқу орталықтарына (кітапханалар, оқу орталықтарына), ғылыми, мәдени және академиялық орталықтарға, конгресс-орталықтарға, ауруханалар мен медициналық орталықтарға, ғибадат орындарына, семинарияларға немесе монастырларға және елшіліктерге/консульстваларға арналған. Ғимараттардың биіктігі арнайы институционалдық биіктігіне дейін болуы мүмкін. Негізінен әлеуметтік қамтамасыз ету мекемелеріне (жетімханалар, ұлдар/қыздар қалашықтары, қарттар үйлері), оңалту орталықтарына, әскери орналасқан жерлерге, түрмелерге және басқа да түзеу мекемелеріне, мәйектікке және психикалық денсаулық сақтау орталықтарына арналған. Ғимараттардың биіктігі саябақтар мен демалыс биіктігіне дейін болуы мүмкін. Саябақтар мен демалыс орындарына, ойын алаңдарына, курорттық кешендерге, спорттық нысандарға, ескерткіштерге/қасиетті орындарға және буферлік аймақтар немесе жеңілдіктер ретінде қызмет ететін ашық кеңістіктерге арналған. Ғимараттардың биіктігі зират/ескерткіш саябағы биіктігіне дейін болуы мүмкін. Зираттарға немесе ескерткіш саябақтарына, соның ішінде колумбарийлерге, крематорийлерге және сүйек сақтау орындарына арналған аумақ. Ғимараттардың биіктігі және учаске DHUSD ережелеріне бағынады. Буферлік/жасыл белдеу – Қайшы келетін жерді пайдалану арасында буферлік аймақ немесе жасыл белдеу ретінде қызмет ететін аула, саябақтар немесе ашық кеңістіктер.
Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable floor area ratio and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads). Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to natural disasters, ancestral lands of indigenous peoples (IPs), heritage zones, ecotourism areas, transit oriented developments (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed. TypeDescriptionForestForested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, national parks and protected areas, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. AgricultureLand intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the Department of Agriculture) and production agricultureAgro industrialIntended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. Municipal watersAll water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into fishery refuge and sanctuary, foreshore land, mangrove, delta/estuary, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and sea lanes. Mineral landLands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small scale mining zones and quarries. General residentialIntended principally for housing. Residential 1 (R 1)Intended for low rise, low density, single family housing, such as single detached homes, duplex houses, and subdivisions. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, sari sari stores, home based cottage industries, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, barangay halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of Residential 2 (R 2)Intended for low rise, medium density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of All uses in R 1 zones, apartments, boarding houses, dormitories, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R 2 and maximum R 2, with the former having a limit of three stories and Residential 3 (R 3)Intended for low to medium rise, medium to high density, multi family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones, residential condominiums, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R 3 and maximum R 3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and Residential 4 (R 4)Intended for townhouses. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of All uses in R 1 and R 2 zones permitted. Residential 5 (R 5)Intended for medium to high rise, high density, and multi family dwellings such as high rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of All uses in R 1 through R 4 zones permitted. Socialised housingIntended for areas designated for socialised housing projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. General commercialIntended for businesses, trade and services. Commercial 1 (C 1)Intended for low density, neighborhood scale businesses. All uses in R 1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of Commercial 2 (C 2)Intended for medium to high density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's central business district (CBD). All uses in R 1, R 2, and C 1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, public markets, malls, supermarkets, call centres, broadcasting and film studios, car dealerships, automotive related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, lechon stores, chicharon factories, and motels. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of Commercial 3 (C 3)High density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R 3, R 4, R 5, C 1 and C 2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of Industrial 1 (I 1)Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non polluting. Some allowed uses are dried fish production, biscuit factories, boat, pump boat/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non polluting and non hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 2 (I 2)Intended for medium intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of Industrial 3 (I 3)Intended for high intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, bagoong and patis factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of General institutional Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of Special institutional Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, homes for the aged), rehabilitation centres, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, leprosaria, and mental health asylums. Buildings can be up to a height of Parks and recreation Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as buffer zones or easements. Buildings can be up to a height of Cemetery/memorial park Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of , and site subject to DHUSD regulations. Buffer/greenbelt Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or greenbelt between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of Utilities, transportation and services Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of TourismAreas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include agritourism, resort areas, theme parks, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds.
Сингапур
Сингапурдың жер пайдалануын басқару жүйесі Қалалық қайта дамыту басқармасы (URA) арқылы Бас жоспармен жүзеге асырылады. Бас жоспар – екі бөлімнен тұратын заңдық құжат: жоспарлар және Жазбаша түсіндірме. Жоспарлар Сингапур аумағындағы жерлердің мақсатына сәйкес аймақтарға бөлінуін көрсетеді, ал Жазбаша түсіндірмеде қолданыстағы аймақтар мен оларға рұқсат етілген пайдалану түрлері туралы толық мәлімет берілген.
The framework for governing land uses in Singapore is administered by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) through the Master Plan. The Master Plan is a statutory document divided into two sections: the plans and the Written Statement. The plans show the land use zoning allowed across Singapore, while the Written Statement provides a written explanation of the zones available and their allowed uses.
Оңтүстік Африка
Оңтүстік Африкада бес (5) аймаққа бөлу санаты бар: тұрғын үй, бизнес, өнеркәсіп, ауыл шаруашылығы және ашық кеңістік аймақтары. Осы бес санат тағы қосымша кіші санаттарға бөлінеді. Аймақтарға бөлу 2016 жылы қабылданған Кеңістікті жоспарлау және жерді пайдалануды басқару туралы заңмен реттеледі. Жерді бір аймақтан екінші аймаққа ауыстыру үшін аймақтарды қайта бөлу процесі қажет. Жоспар нақты бір орналасқан жерде қандай ғимараттарға рұқсат етілетіні туралы нақты нұсқаулар бермейді, керісінше, дамудың жалпы принциптерін және қала құрылымын басқару мақсаттарын ұсынады. Жоспарлау комитеттері (тікелей сайланған жергілікті кеңес мүшелерінен құралған) немесе кейбір жағдайларда жоспарлау қызметкерлері (делегатталған шешімдер арқылы) дамуға немесе пайдалануды өзгертуге келіп түсетін әрбір өтініш бойынша дискрециялық құқыққа ие, сондықтан жүйе «дискрециялық» деп есептеледі. Жоспарлау өтінімдері көлемі жағынан әртүрлі болуы мүмкін, мысалы, әуежайлар мен жаңа қалалардан бастап жеке үйлерге енгізілетін шағын өзгерістерге дейін. Жергілікті билік органдары жеке үй иелерінен келіп түсетін көптеген шағын өтініштерге шарықтап қалмауы үшін рұқсат етілген құрылыс жүйесі енгізілді. Рұқсат етілген құрылыс ережелері көбінесе формаға негізделген, бірақ аймақтарға бөлу болмаған жағдайда ұлттық деңгейде қолданылады. Мысалдарға екі қабатты үйге үш метрге дейін артқы жағынан кеңейтуге рұқсат беру, әр жағынан бастапқы енінің 50%-ға дейін кеңейту және бақтағы белгілі бір қосымша құрылыстар кіреді, егер жердің 50%-дан астам бөлігі салынбаған болса. Бұл үш бөлмелі жартылай жеке үйге лайықты өлшемдес, бірақ шағын террасалардан бастап үлкен жеке үйлерге және сарайларға дейін әртүрлі тұрғын үй типтеріне қолданылуы керек. 2020 жылдың тамызында Ұлыбритания үкіметі «Болашаққа жоспарлау» деген атпен консультациялық құжат жариялады. Ұсыныстар аймақтарға бөлуге қарай бет бұруды көрсетеді, аумақтарға өсу, жаңару немесе қорғалатын мәртебе беріледі, сондай-ақ «әрбір санаттағы кіші аумақтар» болу мүмкіндігі қарастырылады, бірақ құжат олардың қандай болуы мүмкін екендігі туралы толығырақ мәлімет бермейді. 2024 жылдың ақпаннан сәуір айына дейін олар рұқсат етілген даму жүйесі арқылы ұлғайтылған тығыздыққа, «жұмсақ тығыздануға» рұқсат беру мақсатында рұқсат етілген даму бойынша консультациялар өткізді, бұл аймақтық емес, ұлттық масштабта жүзеге асырылады.
There are five (5) zoning categories in South Africa; residential, business, industrial, agricultural, and open space zoning. These five categories are further classified into subcategories. The zoning categories are governed by the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act enacted in 2016. To change a land use from one zone to another requires a process of rezoning. The plan does not provide specific guidance on what type of buildings will be allowed in a given location, rather it provides general principles for development and goals for the management of urban change. Because planning committees (made up of directly elected local councillors) or in some cases planning officers themselves (via delegated decisions) have discretion on each application for development or change of use made, the system is considered a 'discretionary' one. Planning applications can differ greatly in scale, from airports and new towns to minor modifications to individual houses. In order to prevent local authorities from being overwhelmed by high volumes of small scale applications from individual householders, a separate system of permitted development has been introduced. Permitted development rules are largely form based, but in the absence of zoning, are applied at the national level. Examples include allowing a two storey extension up to three metres at the rear of a property, extensions up to 50% of the original width at each side, and certain types of outbuildings in the garden, provided that no more than 50% of the land area is built over. These are appropriately sized for a typical three bedroom semi detached property, but must be applied across a wide variety of housing types, from small terraces, to larger detached properties and manor houses. In August 2020, the UK Government published a consultation document called Planning for the Future. The proposals hint at a move toward zoning, with areas given a Growth, Renewal or Protected designation, with the possibility of "sub areas within each category", although the document does not elaborate on what the details of these might be. From February to April 2024, they have been running a permitted development consultation with the aim of allowing increased densities, "gentle densification" through the permitted development system, on a national rather than zoned scale.
Америка Құрама Штаттары
Полиция билігі құқықтары арқылы штат үкіметтері жеке меншік жылжымайтын мүлікке қатысты өкімділік құқықтарын жүзеге асыра алады. Осы билікке сәйкес, белгілі бір бизнес түрлерін жүзеге асыруға рұқсат етілген орындарды шектеу үшін арнайы заңдар мен ережелер ұзақ жылдар бойы қабылдалып келеді. 1904 жылы Лос-Анджелес қаласы қаланың бір бөлігі үшін елдегі алғашқы жер пайдалану шектеулерін орнатты. 1916 жылы Нью-Йорк қаласы тұңғыш рет қала бойынша қолданылатын аймақтық регламенттерді қабылдады. Аймақтық регламенттердің конституциялық заңдылығы 1926 жылы АҚШ Жоғарғы Сотында «Евклид ауылы, Огайо» мен «Амблер Риалти Компаниясы» ісі бойынша расталды. АҚШ-тың ірі қалаларының арасында Хьюстон қаласы аймақтық регламенттерінің болмауымен ерекшеленеді. Жер пайдалану басқа жолдармен реттеледі.
Under the police power rights, state governments may exercise over private real property. With this power, special laws and regulations have long been made restricting the places where particular types of business can be carried on. In 1904, Los Angeles established the nation's first land use restrictions for a portion of the city. New York City adopted the first zoning regulations to apply city wide in 1916. The constitutionality of zoning ordinances was upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court in the 1926 case Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. Among large populated cities in the United States, Houston is unique in having no zoning ordinances. Rather, land use is regulated by other means.
Өлшемі
Алғашқы аймақтарды бөлу тәжірибелері күңгірт болған және көбінесе пікірталас тудырған. Кейбіреулер бұл тәжірибе 1920 жылдары басталды десе, енді біреулер аймақтарға бөлу 1916 жылы Нью-Йоркте пайда болды деп санайды. Дегенмен, аймақтарға бөлудің басталуына қатысты осы екі мысалдың да екеуі де қалалық жағдайлар еді. Аймақтық жоспарлау географиялық шеңберін кеңейте келе, басқа қалалық орталықтарда енгізіліп, ірі саяси және географиялық шекараларда қолданылғандықтан, құқықтық күшін арттырды. Аймақтық аймақтарға бөлу – аймақтық заңнамаға бағынған аумақтардың географиялық өлшемдерін ұлғайтудағы келесі қадам болды. Қалалық және аймақтық аймақтарға бөлудің басты айырмашылығы – "аймақтық аудандар көбінесе кездейсоқ саяси шекаралармен тікелей байланысты болмайды".
Early zoning practices were subtle and often debated. Some claim the practices started in the 1920s while others suggest the birth of zoning occurred in New York in 1916. Both of these examples for the start of zoning, however, were urban cases. Zoning becomes an increasing legal force as it continues to expand in its geographical range through its introduction in other urban centres and use in larger political and geographical boundaries. Regional zoning was the next step in increased geographical size of areas under zoning laws. A major difference between urban zoning and regional zoning was that "regional areas consequently seldom bear direct relationship to arbitrary political boundaries".
АҚШ-тағы бір рет пайдаланылатын аймақтарға бөлу
Бір рет қолданылатын аймақтарға бөлу екі түрге бөлінеді: жазық және иерархиялық, сондай-ақ жинақтаушы немесе пирамидалық деп те аталады. Жазық аймақтарға бөлуде әрбір аудан нақты бір мақсатта ғана пайдаланылады. Ал қарапайым иерархиялық аймақтарға бөлу жүйесінде аудандар деңгейлеп орналастырылады, ең жоғарыда тұрғын үйлер (ең осал және ең аз кедергі келтіретін санат) орналасқан, одан кейін коммерциялық және өнеркәсіптік аймақтар келеді. Өнеркәсіптік аймақтарда тұрғын үйлер мен коммерциялық ғимараттарға, ал коммерциялық аймақтарда тұрғын үйлерге рұқсат беріледі.
Single use zoning takes two forms, flat and hierarchical, also known as cumulative or pyramidal. Under flat zoning, each district is strictly designated for one use. In a simple hierarchical zoning system, districts are organized with residential (the most sensitive and least disruptive category) at the top, followed by commercial and industrial. Residential and commercial buildings are allowed in industrial zones and residential buildings are allowed in commercial zones.
АҚШ-тағы әлеуметтік мәселелер
АҚШ басқа дамыған елдерге қарағанда қала деградациясы мен урбанизацияның төмендеуінің жоғары деңгейінен, сондай-ақ басқа еш жерде кездеспейтін қалалық далалар сияқты қосымша мәселелерден зардап шегеді. Джонатан Ротвелл аймақтарға бөлудің нәсілдік сегрегацияны күшейтуге себеп болатынын айтады. Оның пікірінше, АҚШ-тағы афроамерикандықтар мен ақ нәсілділердің арасындағы нәсілдік интеграция мен тұрғын үйлердің тығыздығы арасында тікелей байланыс бар. Жоғары тығыздықтағы құрылысқа рұқсат берген қалалар, тығыздықты қатаң шектеген қалаларға қарағанда нәсілдік интеграцияға тез ілгеріледі. Рұқсат етілген тығыздық қанша жоғары болса, нәсілдік сегрегация деңгейі сонша төмендейді. Жаңа тұрғын үйлердің құрылысын шектейтін аймақтарға бөлу заңдары (мысалы, жеке тұрғын үйлерге арналған аймақтарға бөлу) қолжетімділікті төмендетумен байланысты және АҚШ-та табыс және нәсіл бойынша тұрғын үй сегрегациясының маңызды факторы болып табылады.
The United States suffers from greater levels of deurbanization and urban decay than other developed countries, and additional problems such as urban prairies that do not occur elsewhere. Jonathan Rothwell has argued that zoning encourages racial segregation. He claims a strong relationship exists between an area's allowance of building housing at higher density and racial integration between blacks and whites in the United States. Metropolitan areas that allowed higher density development moved rapidly toward racial integration than their counterparts with strict density limitations. The greater the allowable density, the lower the level of racial segregation. Zoning laws that limit the construction of new housing (like single family zoning) are associated with reduced affordability and are a major factor in residential segregation in the United States by income and race.