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Sounds and pronunciation of Catalan

The phonology of Catalan, a Romance language, has a certain degree of dialectal variation. Although there are two standard varieties, one based on Central Eastern dialect and another one based on South Western or Valencian dialect, this article deals with features of all or most dialects, as well as regional pronunciation differences. Catalan is characterized by final obstruent devoicing, lenition, and voicing assimilation; a set of 7 to 8 phonemic vowels, vowel assimilations (including vowel harmony), many phonetic diphthongs, and vowel reduction, whose precise details differ between dialects.

Voiced stops become lenited to fricatives or approximants in syllable onsets, after continuants: except in many Valencian dialects, where they are lenited. In Catalan (not in Valencian), and may be geminated in certain environments (e. g. poble 'village', regla 'rule').

occurs in Balearic, Everywhere else, it has merged with historic so that and occur in complementary distribution. In Majorcan, and are in complementary distribution, with occurring before vowels (e. g. blava 'blue' f. vs. blau 'blue' m.). In other varieties that have both sounds, they are in contrast before vowels, with neutralization in favor of before consonants.

While "dark (velarized) l", , may be a positional allophone of in most dialects (such as in the syllable coda; e. g. sòl 'ground'), is dark irrespective of position in Eastern dialects like Majorcan and standard Eastern Catalan (e. g. tela ). The distribution of the two rhotics and closely parallels that of Spanish. Between vowels, the two contrast (e. g. mirra (E) / (W) 'myrrh' vs. mira (E) / (W) 'look'), but they are otherwise in complementary distribution. appears in the onset, except in word initial position (ruc), after , , and (folre, honra, Israel), and in compounds (infraroig), where is used. Different dialects vary in regards to rhotics in the coda, with Western Catalan generally featuring and Central Catalan dialects like those of Barcelona or Girona featuring a weakly trilled unless it precedes a vowel initial word in the same prosodic unit, in which case appears (per in Western Catalan, in Central Catalan). There is free variation in word initially, after , , and , and in compounds (if is preceded by consonant), wherein is pronounced or , the latter being similar to English red: ruc
In careful speech, , , and may be geminated (e. g. innecessari (E) / (W) 'unnecessary'; emmagatzemar (E) / (W) 'to store'; il·lusió 'illusion'). A geminated may also occur (e. g. ratlla (E) / (W) 'line'). serra (E) / (W) 'saw, mountains' (this is similar to the common analysis of Spanish and Portuguese rhotics).

There are certain instances of compensatory diphthongization in Majorcan so that troncs ('logs') (in addition to deleting the palatal stop) develops a compensating palatal glide and surfaces as (and contrasts with the unpluralized ). Diphthongization compensates for the loss of the palatal stop (segment loss compensation). There are other cases where diphthongization compensates for the loss of point of articulation features (property loss compensation) as in ('year') vs. ('years'). The dialectal distribution of compensatory diphthongization is almost entirely dependent on the dorsal stop and the extent of consonant assimilation (whether or not it is extended to palatals). Voiced affricates are devoiced after stressed vowels in dialects like Eastern Catalan where there may be a correlation between devoicing and lengthening (gemination) of voiced affricates: metge → ('medic'). Central Valencian features simple elision in many of these cases (e. g cotna , setmana ) though learned words don't exhibit either assimilation or elision: atles and administrar .

Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word (e. g. brúixola (E) / (W) 'compass', càstig 'punishment', pallús (E) / (W) 'fool'). Compound words and adverbs formed with may have a syllable with secondary stress (e. g. bonament (E) (W) 'willingly'; parallamps (E) (W) 'lightning conductor') but every lexical word has just one syllable with main stress.

Catalan shares features with neighboring Romance languages (Occitan, Italian, Sardinian, French, Spanish). Marked contrast of the vowel pairs and , as in other Western Romance languages, except Spanish and Sardinian. Lenition of voiced stops as in Galician and Spanish. Portuguese or Italian. In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic ('male friend') vs. amiga ('female friend').