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[[File:Original distribution of gray wolf (canis lupus) subspecies en. png|thumb|Present and historical range of wild subspecies of C. lupus. This map uses the more broadly defined North American subspecies of Nowak (1995), and under this genus he listed the dog like carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris, and on the next page he classified the wolf as Canis lupus. Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its head and body and tail cauda recurvata – its upturning tail – which is not found in any other canid. In 2005, MSW3 included C. l. filchneri. | A large, light furred subspecies. | Northern tundra and forest zones in the European and Asian parts of Russia and Kamchatka. Outside Russia, its range includes the extreme north of Scandinavia. |
! scope="row" | C. l. arabsArabian wolf
|120 px
| Pocock, 1934
| A small, "desert adapted" subspecies that is around 66 cm tall and weighs, on average, about 18 kg. Its fur coat varies from short in the summer to long in the winter, possibly because of solar radiation. | Southern Palestine, southern Israel, southern and western Iraq, Oman, Yemen, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and probably some parts of the Sinai Peninsula
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! scope="row" | C. l. campestrisSteppe wolf
|130 px
| Dwigubski, 1804
| An average sized subspecies with short, coarse and sparse fur. | Northern Ukraine, southern Kazakhstan, the Caucasus and the Trans Caucasus
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! scope="row" | C. l. chancoHimalayan wolf
|130 px
| Matschie, 1907 Fur color is mostly sandy to reddish brown, but can include tan patterns and can also be occasionally light brown, black or white. | Australia and New Guinea
| antarticus Kerr, 1792 [suppressed ICZN O451:1957], australasiae Desmarest, 1820, australiae Gray, 1826, dingoides Matschie, 1915, macdonnellensis Matschie, 1915, novaehollandiae Voigt, 1831, papuensis Ramsay, 1879, tenggerana Kohlbrugge, 1896, hallstromi Troughton, 1957, harappensis Prashad, 1936

Sometimes included within Canis familiaris when the domestic dog is recognised as a species. |
! scope="row" | C. l. familiarisDomestic dogbut refer Synonyms
|120 px
| Linnaeus, 1758
|The domestic dog is a divergent subspecies of the gray wolf and was derived from an extinct population of Late Pleistocene wolves. | Worldwide in association with humans
| <small>Increasingly proposed as the species Canis familiaris but debated

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! scope="row" | C. l. italicusItalian wolf
|150 px
| Altobello, 1921
| The pelt is generally of a grey fulvous colour, which reddens in summer. The belly and cheeks are more lightly coloured, and dark bands are present on the back and tail tip, and occasionally along the fore limbs. | Native to the Italian Peninsula; recently expanded into Switzerland and southeastern France. | lupus Linnaeus, 1758
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! scope="row" | C. l. lupusEurasian wolf(nominate subspecies)
|150 px
| Linnaeus, 1758
| Generally a large subspecies with rusty ocherous or light gray fur. | Has the largest range among wolf subspecies and is the most common subspecies in Europe and Asia, ranging through Western Europe, Scandinavia, the Caucasus, Russia, China, and Mongolia. Its habitat overlaps with the Indian wolf in some regions of Turkey. | altaicus Noack, 1911, argunensis Dybowski, 1922, canus Sélys Longchamps, 1839, communis Dwigubski, 1804, deitanus Cabrera, 1907, desertorum Bogdanov, 1882, flavus Kerr, 1792, fulvus Sélys Longchamps, 1839, kurjak Bolkay, 1925, lycaon Trouessart, 1910, major Ogérien, 1863, minor Ogerien, 1863, niger Hermann, 1804, orientalis Wagner, 1841, orientalis Dybowski, 1922
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! scope="row" | C. l. pallipesIndian wolf
|130 px
| Sykes, 1831
| A small subspecies with pelage shorter than that of northern wolves and with little to no underfur. Fur color ranges from grayish red to reddish white with black tips. The dark V shaped stripe over the shoulders is much more pronounced than in northern wolves. The underparts and legs are more or less white. |India, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, northern Israel, and northern Palestine
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! scope="row" | C. l. signatusIberian wolf
|130 px
| Cabrera, 1907
| A subspecies with slighter frame than C. l. lupus, white marks on the upper lips, dark marks on the tail, and a pair of dark marks on its front legs. | Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, which includes northwestern Spain and northern Portugal
| lupus Linnaeus, 1758
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In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group considered the New Guinea singing dog and the dingo to be feral dogs (Canis familiaris). In 2020, a literature review of canid domestication stated that modern dogs were not descended from the same Canis lineage as modern wolves, and proposed that dogs may be descended from a Pleistocene wolf closer in size to a village dog. In 2021, the American Society of Mammalogists also considered dingos a feral dog (Canis familiaris) population. Altobello's classification was later rejected by several authors, including Reginald Innes Pocock, who synonymised C. l. italicus with C. l. lupus. In 2002, the noted paleontologist R. M. Nowak reaffirmed the morphological distinctiveness of the Italian wolf and recommended the recognition of Canis lupus italicus. In 2004, the genetic distinction of the Italian wolf subspecies was supported by analysis which consistently assigned all the wolf genotypes of a sample in Italy to a single group. This population also showed a unique mitochondrial DNA control region haplotype, the absence of private alleles and lower heterozygosity at microsatellite loci, as compared to other wolf populations. In 2010, a genetic analysis indicated that a single wolf haplotype (w22) unique to the Apennine Peninsula and one of the two haplotypes (w24, w25), unique to the Iberian Peninsula, belonged to the same haplogroup as the prehistoric wolves of Europe. Another haplotype (w10) was found to be common to the Iberian peninsula and the Balkans. These three populations with geographic isolation exhibited a near lack of gene flow and spatially correspond to three glacial refugia.

The Iberian wolf was first recognised as a distinct subspecies (Canis lupus signatus) in 1907 by zoologist Ángel Cabrera. The wolves of the Iberian peninsula have morphologically distinct features from other Eurasian wolves and each are considered by their researchers to represent their own subspecies. The taxonomic reference Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition, 2005) does not recognize Canis lupus signatus; however, NCBI/Genbank does list it.

The Himalayan wolf is distinguished by its mitochondrial DNA, which is basal to all other wolves. The taxonomic name of this wolf is disputed, with the species Canis himalayensis being proposed based on two limited DNA studies.

The Indian plains wolf is a proposed clade within the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) that is distinguished by its mitochondrial DNA, which is basal to all other wolves except for the Himalayan wolf. The taxonomic status of this wolf clade is disputed, with the separate species Canis indica being proposed based on two limited DNA studies.

In 2017, a comprehensive study found that the gray wolf was present across all of mainland China, both in the past and today. It exists in southern China, which refutes claims made by some researchers in the Western world that the wolf had never existed in southern China. In 2021, the American Society of Mammalogists also considered Canis lycaon a valid species.

The red wolf is an enigmatic taxon, of which there are two proposals over its origin. One is that the red wolf is a distinct species (C. rufus) that has undergone human influenced admixture with coyotes. The other is that it was never a distinct species but was derived from past admixture between coyotes and gray wolves, due to the gray wolf population being eliminated by humans. The taxonomic reference Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition, 2005) does not recognize Canis rufus; however, NCBI/Genbank does list it. In 2021, the American Society of Mammalogists also considered Canis rufus a valid species.