Кирил әрпі "Э" туралы мәліметтер

Letter of the Cyrillic script
the letter E (E e) of the Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian and Ukrainian alphabets

Э э (Э э; italics: Э э; also known as backwards ye, from Russian е оборо́тное, ye oborótnoye, ) is a letter found in three Slavic languages: Russian, Belarusian, and West Polesian. It represents the vowels and , as the e in the word "editor". In other Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic script, the sounds are represented by Ye (Е е), which represents in Russian and Belarusian in initial and postvocalic position or and palatalizes the preceding consonant. This letter closely resembles and should not be confused with the older Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye (Є є), of which Э is a reversed version. In Cyrillic Moldovan, which was used in the Moldovan SSR during the Soviet Union and is still used in Transnistria, the letter corresponds to ă in the Latin Romanian alphabet, and the phoneme [ə]. It is also used in the Cyrillic alphabets used by Mongolian and many Uralic, Caucasian and Turkic languages of the former Soviet Union.

The letter originated in the thirteenth century as a variant of , at first, according to Đorđić in superscripted line final position, but by the end of the century elsewhere as well. In the following centuries it continued to appear sporadically as an uncommon variant of , but not later than in the fifteenth century amongst the Eastern Slavs it began to be used to indicate initial (uniotated) According to Yefim Karskiy, "Western Russian ustav knows , e. g. in Miscellany of the 15th c. from the Public Library (manuscr. #391) ( etc. ), chronicles of 15th 16th cc., Miscellany of Poznań (16th c.), Statut of 1588 It is difficult to say whether it has been developed here independently or it came from South Slavic manuscripts, where occurs as early as in 13 14th cc." Although the revision of Meletius Smotrytsky’s grammar published in Moscow in 1648 does not include in its alphabet, it does consistently write (Etymologia), in contrast to in the first edition of 1619. It was by no means confined to this function in the period, however, as the prevalent spellings (beside ) for modern Russian реестр, майор demonstrate.

Unlike Russian, Belarusian has many native words in which it occurs after a hard consonant. Moreover, its orthography was standardized later than that of Russian (which reached its present form at the beginning of the 20th century), on the basis of the spoken language rather than historical tradition. Consequently, and are written in accordance with pronunciation: for initial and after hard consonants, for initial and postvocalic and after soft consonants. That also means that is much more frequent in Belarusian than in Russian.

In Tuvan the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel. In the Tajik language, the letters е and э have the same function, except that э is used at the beginning of a word (ex. Эрон, "Iran"). In Mongolian, э is the standard letter to represent the /ɛ/ phoneme. It is often written doubled to represent the /eː/ phoneme. Е, however, is only used in the few Mongolian words containing it, Russian loanwords and Russian style transcriptions of foreign names.