Югослав шабуылдық және барлау ұшағы "Орао"

Yugoslav ground attack/reconnaissance aircraft

{|Infobox aircraft type
| type = Attack aircraftReconnaissance aircraft
| manufacturer = SOKO
| designer = VTI Yugoslavia INCAS Romania
| first flight = 31 October 1974 On 20 May 1971, the Romanian and Yugoslavian governments signed an agreement for the formation of YuRom, a joint research and development venture between the two nations. According to aviation author John C. Fredriksen, the announcement was a logical extension of political policy, as the two nations' heads of state, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and Nicolae Ceaușescu, had both historically sought to avoid overreliance upon the Soviet Union, preferring to build ties and cooperative projects with other friendly or neutral nations.

During 31 October 1974, the Yugoslav prototype 25002 conducted its first flight from Batajnica Air Base near Belgrade, with Major Vladislav Slavujević at the controls. For political reasons, this flight was timed to deliberately coincide with the first flight of the IAR 93 Vultur prototype. Production would never be resumed either in Yugoslavia or in its successor states. On 22 November 1984, an Orao No 25101 broke the sound barrier while in a shallow dive at an angle of 25 degrees, piloted by test pilot Marjan Jelen, above Batajnica airport. ; this instance made the J 22 the first Yugoslav designed aircraft to exceed Mach 1. The aircraft is incapable of breaking the sound barrier in level flight, so it is classified as being a subsonic aircraft.

The J 22 Orao is a twin engined combat jet aircraft designed for performing close air support (CAS), ground attack and tactical reconnaissance missions, it also features a limited air defense capability. The twin seat version, the NJ 22, was primarily assigned for various training purposes, including the advanced flight and weapons training syllabuses, but could also be used for combat missions. The Orao was provisioned with standard communication and navigation equipment, the latter including a Honeywell built SGP500 twin gyroscope navigation system. It incorporated a fire control and weapons management system which used the Thomson CSF built VE 120T head up display (HUD) (which had replacing the original Ferranti ISIS D 282 gyro sight). In terms of defensive sensors and systems, it was equipped with an Iskra SO 1 radar warning receiver (RWR) and provision for up to three chaff/flare dispensers, as well as a P10 65 13 passive jammer pod. Further pods could be optionally fitted, including an optical/infrared reconnaissance pod or an optical reconnaissance/jammer pod. During the late 2010s, Serbia launched a major modernisation programme involving both its J 22 and NJ 22 fleets.

The first Yugoslav Air Force unit to receive the J 22 was the 351st reconnaissance aviation squadron of the 82nd Aviation Brigade, Cerklje. Until the 1991 war, There were also about three squadrons partly equipped with J 22s. At the beginning of the Yugoslav wars, in Slovenia, J 22s flew over in a show of force, but did not drop any bombs. During 1991, the first offensive action to be conducted by the J 22 occurred when the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) used them to strike targets in Croatia. As a result of the conflicts of the 1990s, the majority of the former Yugoslav Air Force's aircraft were relocated to the Union of Serbia and Montenegro, with smaller numbers ending up under the control of the other new states created by the break up of Yugoslavia. The airworthiness of these aircraft soon deteriorated due to the combination of limited funding and the impact of international embargoes. By June 2003, the Republika Srpska Air Force had a force of seven J 22 Oraos. These aircraft were ultimately inherited by the unified Bosnian Air Force. By 2008, all of Bosnia's J 22s had been placed into storage while the nation negotiated with neighbouring Serbia to potentially buy them; reportedly, Serbia was viewed as the only viable customer for the type. During 1999, Yugoslav J 22s saw limited combat against the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), reportedly flying 36 combat missions. In addition, eleven aircraft were destroyed on the ground, the majority of these at Ponikve Air Base, when a NATO air strike hit one hangar that reportedly had six J 22 and two Mikoyan Gurevich MiG 21 aircraft inside. By 2019, the Serbian Air Force was reportedly operating a fleet comprising ten J 22 and NJ 22 Oraos; in addition to these airworthy examples, the service reportedly also had further airframes in storage, including the IJ and INJ reconnaissance variants. According to aerospace periodical Flight International, the Orao's service life had been originally anticipated to be around 24 years; based on structural inspections, some airframes are in such good condition that this forecast could be effectively doubled; following an overhaul, individual J 22s can be approved to perform a further 1,000 flight hours. Orao
Modernized J 22 with glass cockpit, sensors, and external cameras.

Serbian Air Force and Air Defence – 17 in service of which 4 are modernized (version J 22 M1A).

Air Force and Anti Aircraft Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina – inherited 7 aircraft from the Republika Srpska Air Force. None are in service as of 2019. Yugoslav Air Force – aircraft passed to successor states after the breakup of Yugoslavia.