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Language in which certain pronouns may sometimes be omitted

A pro drop language (from "pronoun dropping") is a language in which certain classes of pronouns may be omitted when they can be pragmatically or grammatically inferable. The precise conditions vary from language to language, and can be quite intricate. The phenomenon of "pronoun dropping" is part of the larger topic of zero or null anaphora. The connection between pro drop languages and null anaphora relates to the fact that a dropped pronoun has referential properties, and so is crucially not a null dummy pronoun. Pro drop is a problem when translating to a non pro drop language such as English, which requires the pronoun to be added, especially noticeable in machine translation. It can also contribute to transfer errors in language learning. An areal feature of some European languages is that pronoun dropping is not, or seldom, possible (see Standard Average European); this is the case for English, French, German, and Emilian dialect, among others. In contrast, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Slavic languages, Finno Ugric languages, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese exhibit frequent pro drop features. Some languages, such as Greek and Hindi also exhibit pro drop in any argument.

The term "pro drop" stems from Noam Chomsky's "Lectures on Government and Binding" from 1981 as a cluster of properties of which "null subject" was one (for the occurrence of pro as a predicate rather than a subject in sentences with the copula see Moro 1997). Thus, a one way correlation was suggested between inflectional agreement (AGR) and empty pronouns on the one hand and between no agreement and overt pronouns, on the other. In the classical version, languages which not only lack agreement morphology but also allow extensive dropping of pronouns—such as Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese—are not included, as is made clear in a footnote: "The principle suggested is fairly general, but does not apply to such languages as Japanese in which pronouns can be missing much more freely." (Chomsky 1981:284, fn 47). The term pro drop is also used in other frameworks in generative grammar, such as in lexical functional grammar (LFG), but in a more general sense: "Pro drop is a widespread linguistic phenomenon in which, under certain conditions, a structural NP may be unexpressed, giving rise to a pronominal interpretation." (Bresnan 1982:384). The empty category assumed (under government and binding theory) to be present in the vacant subject position left by pro dropping is known as pro, or as "little pro" (to distinguish it from "big PRO", an empty category associated with non finite verb phrases).

It has been observed that pro drop languages are those with either rich inflection for person and number (Persian, Polish, Czech, Portuguese, etc.) or no such inflection at all (Japanese, Chinese, Korean, etc. ), but languages that are intermediate (English, French) are non pro drop. While the mechanism by which overt pronouns are more "useful" in English than in Japanese is obscure, and there are exceptions to this observation, it still seems to have considerable descriptive validity. As Huang puts it, "Pro drop is licensed to occur either where a language has full agreement, or where a language has no agreement, but not where a language has impoverished partial agreement." In pro drop languages with a highly inflected verbal morphology, the expression of the subject pronoun is considered unnecessary because the verbal inflection indicates the person and number of the subject, thus the referent of the null subject can be inferred from the grammatical inflection on the verb. Barbosa defines these typological patterns as null subject languages (NSL), expressing that the term itself, pro drop, can be subcategorized into categories such as: topic (discourse) pro drop, partial NSL (partial pro drop) and consistent NSL (full pro drop).

In everyday speech there are instances when who or what is being referred to — namely, the topic of the sentence — can be inferred from context. Languages which permit the pronoun to be inferred from contextual information are called topic drop (also known as discourse pro drop) languages: thus, topic pro drop languages allow referential pronouns to be omitted, or be phonologically null. (In contrast, languages that lack topic pro drop as a mechanism would still require the pronoun.) These dropped pronouns can be inferred from previous discourse, from the context of the conversation, or generally shared knowledge. Among major languages, some which might be called topic pro drop languages are Japanese, Korean, Topic prominent languages like Korean, Mandarin and Japanese have structures which focus more on topics and comments as opposed to English, a subject prominent language. It is this topic first nature that enables the inference of omitted pronouns from discourse.

The following example from Jung (2004:719) Korean shows the omission of both pronouns in the subject and object position.

Full pro drop languages, also known as consistent NSLs, are languages that are characterized by rich subject agreement morphology where subjects are freely dropped under the appropriate discourse conditions. ), the verb of the sentence agrees in gender and number with the object of the sentence, hence making it possible to drop the object since it can be contextually inferred from the gender of the verb. In the example below, the subject is in the ergative case and the verb agrees in number and gender with the direct object. In the example below, the subject is in the dative case and the verb agrees in number and gender with the direct object. In the example below, the subject is in the nominative case and the verb agrees in number, gender, and also in person with the subject.

Subject pronouns are usually omitted in Greek, but the verb is inflected for the person and number of the subject. Example:

Like their parent Latin, most Romance languages (with the notable exception of French) are categorised as pro drop as well, though generally only in the case of subject pronouns. Unlike in Japanese, however, the missing subject pronoun is not inferred strictly from pragmatics, but partially indicated by the morphology of the verb, which inflects for person and number of the subject. Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Catalan and Occitan can elide subject pronouns only (Portuguese sometimes elides object pronouns as well), and they often do so even when the referent has not been mentioned. This is helped by person/number inflection on the verb. The 3rd person singular and plural subject pronouns are often kept to denote and differentiate male and female subjects/genders.

Modern Spanish and Portuguese are also notable amongst Romance languages because they have no specific pronouns for circumstantial complements (arguments denoting circumstance, consequence, place or manner, modifying the verb but not directly involved in the action) or partitives (words or phrases denoting a quantity of something). However, both languages had them during the Middle Ages: Portuguese hi and ende. Compare the following examples in which Spanish, Portuguese, Galician, and Romanian have null pronouns for place and partitives, but Catalan, French, Occitan, and Italian have overt pronouns for place and partitive. +Pro drop with locative and partitive: RomancelanguagelocativepartitiveSpanish¡Voy!Tengo cuatro. PortugueseVou!Tenho quatro. GalicianVou!Teño catro. RomanianMă duc!Am patru. Catalan Hi vaig!Entinc quatre. FrenchJ'y vais !J'enai quatre. OccitanI vau!N'ai quatre. ItalianCivado!Neho quattro. 'I'm going [there]! ''I have four (of them).'

The subject "I" above is easily inferable as the verb gör mek "to see" is conjugated in the first person simple past tense form. The object is indicated by the pronoun seni in this case. Strictly speaking, pronominal objects are generally explicitly indicated, although frequently possessive suffixes indicate the equivalent of an object in English, as in the following sentence. In this sentence, the object of the verb is actually the action of coming performed by the speaker (geldiğimi "my coming"), but the object in the English sentence, "me", is indicated here by the possessive suffix im "my" on the nominalised verb. Both pronouns can be explicitly indicated in the sentence for purposes of emphasis, as follows:

In Swahili, both subject and object pronouns can be omitted as they are indicated by verbal prefixes.

Colloquial and dialectal German, unlike the standard language, are also partially pro drop and typically allow deletion of the subject pronoun only in main clauses without inversion. German has personal inflections of verbs, which makes pro drop sentences easier to understand. Swedish, Norwegian and Danish do not have personal inflections of verbs, verbs are the same regardless of person or number. Nevertheless in informal spoken language the first (maybe third) person singular sometimes is dropped. In social media, this is sometimes used in writing also, which some see as sloppy language.

Among the Indo European and Dravidian languages of India, pro drop is the general rule though many Dravidian languages do not have overt verbal markers to indicate pronominal subjects. Mongolic languages are similar in this respect to Dravidian languages, and all Paleosiberian languages are rigidly pro drop. Outside of northern Europe, most Niger–Congo languages, Khoisan languages of Southern Africa and Austronesian languages of the Western Pacific, pro drop is the usual pattern in almost all linguistic regions of the world. In many non pro drop Niger–Congo or Austronesian languages, like Igbo, Samoan and Fijian, however, subject pronouns do not occur in the same position as a nominal subject and are obligatory even when the latter occurs. In more easterly Austronesian languages, like Rapa Nui and Hawaiian, subject pronouns are often omitted even though no other subject morphemes exist. Pama–Nyungan languages of Australia also typically omit subject pronouns even when there is no explicit expression of the subject. Many Pama–Nyungan languages, however, have clitics, which often attach to nonverbal hosts to express subjects. The other languages of Northwestern Australia are all pro drop, for all classes of pronoun. Also, Papuan languages of New Guinea and Nilo Saharan languages of East Africa are pro drop. Among the indigenous languages of the Americas, pro drop is almost universal, as would be expected from the generally polysynthetic and head marking character of the languages. That generally allows eliding of all object pronouns as well as subject ones. Indeed, most reports on Native American languages show that even the emphatic use of pronouns is exceptionally rare. Only a few Native American languages, mostly language isolates (Haida, Trumai, Wappo) and the Oto Manguean family are known for normally using subject pronouns. Yahga, a critically endangered language isolate from Tierra del Fuego, had no pro drop when it was still spoken widely in the late 19th century, when it was first described grammatically and had texts translated from English and other languages (three biblical New Testament texts: Luke, John, and Acts of the Apostles). In fact, emphatic pronouns and cross reference pronouns on the verb commonly appeared together.

Classical Chinese exhibits extensive dropping not only of pronouns but also of any terms (subjects, verbs, objects, etc.) that are pragmatically inferable, which gives a very compact character to the language. Note, however, that Classical Chinese was a written language, and such word dropping is not necessarily representative of the spoken language or even of the same linguistic phenomenon.