Норвегия диалектілерінің түрлері мен ерекшеліктері

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Norwegian dialects (dialekter) are commonly divided into four main groups, 'Northern Norwegian' (nordnorsk), 'Central Norwegian' (trøndersk), 'Western Norwegian' (vestlandsk), and 'Eastern Norwegian' (østnorsk). Sometimes 'Midland Norwegian' (midlandsmål) and/or 'South Norwegian' (sørlandsk) are considered fifth or sixth groups. The dialects are generally mutually intelligible, but differ significantly with regard to accent, grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. If not accustomed to a particular dialect, even a native Norwegian speaker may have difficulty understanding it. Dialects can be as local as farm clusters, but many linguists note an ongoing regionalization, diminishing, or even elimination of local variations. Old Norse Modern Norwegian Setesdal

West Norwegian dialects have also innovated new diphthongs. In Midtre you can find the following:

Old Norse Modern Norwegian Midtre

(Jamning/Jevning in Norwegian) This is a phenomenon in which the root vowel and end vowel in a word approximate each other. For example, the old Norse viku has become våkkå or vukku in certain dialects. There are two varieties in Norwegian dialects – one in which the two vowels become identical, the other where they are only similar. Leveling exists only in inland areas in Southern Norway, and areas around Trondheim.

In all but Oslo and coastal areas just south of the capital, the present tense of certain verbs take on a new vowel (umlaut), e. g., å fare becomes fer (in Oslo, it becomes farer).

Most dialects realize as the alveolar tap or alveolar trill However, for the last 200 years the uvular approximant has been gaining ground in Western and Southern Norwegian dialects, with Kristiansand, Stavanger, and Bergen as centers. The uvular R has also been adopted in aspiring patricians in and around Oslo, to the point that it was for some time fashionable to "import" governesses from the Kristiansand area. In certain regions, such as Oslo, the flap has become realized as a retroflex flap (generally called "thick L") , which exists only in Norway, a few regions in Sweden, and in completely unrelated languages. The sound coexists with other retroflexions in Norwegian dialects. In some areas it also applies to words that end with "rd," for example with gard (farm) being pronounced The uvular R has gained less acceptance in eastern regions, and linguists speculate that dialects that use retroflexes have a "natural defense" against uvular R and thus will not adopt it. However, the dialect of Arendal retains the retroflexes, while featuring the uvular R in remaining positions, e. g. rart
In large parts of Northern Norway, especially in the northern parts of Nordland county and southern parts of the former county of Troms, as well as several parts of the former county of Finnmark, another variant is still common: the voiced post alveolar sibilant fricative In front of voiceless consonants, the realisation of this R is unvoiced as well, to Thus, where one in the southern and Trøndelag dialects will get or or , in areas realising voiced R as , one will get .

In areas north of an isogloss running between Oslo and Bergen, palatalization occurs for the n (IPA ), l , t and d sounds in varying degrees. Areas just south and southwest of Trondheim palatalize both the main and subordinate syllable in words (e. g., ), but other areas only palatalize the main syllable .

Voiceless stops have become voiced intervocalically after long vowels (, vs. , ) on the extreme southern coast of Norway, including Kristiansand, Mandal and Stavanger. The same phenomenon appears in Sør Trøndelag and one area in Nordland.

The geminate in southwestern Norway has become , while just east in southcentral Norwegian the final is lost, leaving The same sequence has been palatalized in Northern Norway, leaving the palatal lateral .

The second consonant in the consonant clusters , , and has assimilated to the first across most of Norway, leaving , , and respectively. Western Norway, though not in Bergen, retains the cluster. In Northern Norway this same cluster is realized as the palatal lateral .

Although used less frequently, a subtle shift takes place in conjugating a masculine noun from indefinitive to definitive, e. g., from bekk to bekkjen (, [beçːen] or ). This is found in rural dialects along the coast from Farsund to the border between Troms and Finnmark.

Many people, especially in the younger generation, have lost the differentiation between the (written ) and (written ) sounds, realizing both as This is by many considered to be a normal development in language change (although as most language changes, the older generation and more conservative language users often lament the degradation of the language). The functional load is relatively low, and as often happens, similar sounds with low functional loads merge.

There are great differences between the intonation systems of different Norwegian dialects.

Regions I You He She It We You (pl.) They Bokmål Jeg Du Han Hun Det Vi Dere De, dem Nynorsk Du Han Ho Det Vi, me De, dykk, dokker Dei South Eastern Norway Jæ, jé, jè, jei Du, ru, u, dø Han, hæn, hænnom, hannem Hun, ho, hu, ha, a, henne, henner De Vi, ve, mø, oss, øss, æss, vårs Dere, dø, de, di, døkk, dår(e), dør(e) Dem, rem, 'rdem, em, døm, dom, di Most of Western and Southern Norway , e, æ, æg, æi, æig, jei, ej, i Du, dø, døø, døh Han, an, ha'an Hun, ho, hu, hau, hon, u De, da, d' Vi, me, mi, mø, åss Dere, då(k)ke, dåkkar, dåkk, de, derr, dåkki, dikko(n), deke, deko, De, dei, dæ, di, di'i Trøndelag and most of Northern Norway Æ, æg, i, eig, jæ, e, Du, dæ, dø, u, dæ'æ Han, hanj, hin, hån Hun, hu, ho, a De, da, dæ, e, denj, ta Vi, åss, oss, åkke, me, mi Dåkk, dåkke, dåkker, dåkkæ, dere, ere, dykk, di Dei, dem, dæm, 'em, di, r'ej, dåm