Инқа Империясының Сапа Инкасы

Emperor of the Inca Empire

The Sapa Inca (from Quechua Sapan Inka; ) was the monarch of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), as well as ruler of the earlier Kingdom of Cusco and the later Neo Inca State. While the origins of the position are mythical and originate from the legendary foundation of the city of Cusco, it seems to have come into being historically around 1100 AD. Although the Inca believed the Sapa to be the son of Inti (the Inca Sun god) and often referred to him as Intip Churin or 'Son of the Sun,' the position eventually became hereditary, with son succeeding father. The principal wife of the Inca was known as the Coya or Qoya. Inca Roca, the sixth Inca monarch, was evidently the first to bear the title Sapa Inca ("emperor") officially. There were two known dynasties, led by the Hurin and Hannan moieties respectively. The latter was in power at the time of Spanish conquest. The last effective Sapa Inca of Inca Empire was Atahualpa, who was executed by Francisco Pizarro and his conquistadors in 1533, but several successors later claimed the title. Other terms for Sapa Inca include Apu ("divinity"), Qhapaq Inka ("mighty Inca"), or simply Sapa ("the only one").

Chronicles identify the Inca as the highest ruler equivalent to European kings of the Middle Ages. However, the original access to that position was not linked to the inheritance of the eldest son, as is for a monarchy, but to the perceived selection of the gods by means of rigorous challenges, to which the physical and moral aptitudes of the pretender were tested. for example, Huiracocha Inca associated Inca Urco to the throne. The Coya, or Sapa Inca's primary wife, had significant influence upon making this decision of which son is apt to succeed his father.

The Sapa Inca was the absolute ruler of the empire and accumulated in his power the political, social, military, and economic direction of the State. or the urban plan of the cities. However, among their most notable works, was the network of roads that crossed the entire empire and allowed a rapid journey for the administrators, messengers, and armies provided with hanging bridges and tambos. They made sure to always be supplied and well cared for, as is reflected in the construction of storehouses scattered throughout the empire and vast food and resource redistribution systems. and organized the calendar. At the political level, they sent inspectors to oversee the loyalty and efficiency of civil servants and collect tribute from the subjugated peoples. The emperors promoted a unified and decentralized government in which Cuzco acted as the articulating axis of the different regions or Suyu. They appointed highly trusted governors. At the economic level, they decided how much each province should pay according to its resources. They knew how to win over the curacas to ensure control of the communities. These were the intermediaries through whom they collected taxes. Each time they subdued a people, they demanded that the defeated leader surrender part of their land to continue in command, and whose people pay tribute in the form of labor (mita) and taxes. With textiles representing a form of status and wealth, it has been speculated that the Sapa Inca never wore the same clothes twice. Title Sapa Inca Picture Birth Queen Death Inca of Cusco Manco Cápacc. 1200–1230 Considered the son of the sun god Inti Mama Uqllu c. 1230 Sinchi Rocac. 1230–1260 Son of Manco Cápac Mama Qura c. 1260 Lloque Yupanquic. 1260–1290 Son of Sinchi Roca Mama Qawa c. 1290 Mayta Cápacc. 1290–1320 Son of Lloque Yupanqui Mama Takukaray c. 1320 Cápac Yupanquic. 1320–1350 Son of Mayta Cápac Mama Chimpu Qurihillpay c. 1350

As a rough guide to the later reputation of the early Sapa Incas, in later years capac meant warlord and sinchi meant leader.

The second dynasty was affiliated with the Hanan moiety and was founded under Inca Roca, the son of the last Hurin Sapa Inca, Cápac Yupanqui. After Cápac Yupanqui's death, another of his sons, Inca Roca's half brother Quispe Yupanqui, was intended to succeed him. However, the Hanan revolted and installed Inca Roca instead. Title Sapa Inca Picture Birth Queen Death Inca of Cusco Inca Rocac. 1350–1380 Son of Cápac Yupanqui Mama Mikay c. 1380 Yáhuar Huácacc. 1380–1410 Son of Inca Roca Mama Chikya c. 1410 Viracochac. 1410–1438 Son of Yáhuar Huácac Mama Runtu Quya 1438 Pachacuti1438–1471 Son of Viracocha Mama Anawarkhi 1471 Túpac Inca Yupanqui1471–1493 Son of Pachacuti Mama Uqllu iskay ñiqin 1493 Huayna Capac1493–1527 Son of Túpac Inca Yupanqui Kusi RimayArawa Uqllu 1527 Huáscar1527–1532 Son of Huayna Capac Chukuy Waypa 1533Killed by Atahualpa's agents. Atahualpa1532–1533 Son of Huayna Capac Quya Asarpay (sp?) 26 July 1533Killed by the conquistadors. Ninan Cuyochi, who was Inca for only a few days in 1527, is sometimes left off the list of Sapa Incas because news of his death from smallpox arrived in Cusco very shortly after he was declared Sapa Inca. He had witnessed the death of his father Huayna Cápac. The death of Ninan, the presumed heir, led to the Inca Civil War between Huáscar and Atahualpa, a weakness that the conquistadors exploited when they conquered the Inca Empire.

Title Sapa Inca Picture Birth Death Notes Inca of Incas Túpac Huallpa1533 Son of Huayna Capac 1533 Installed by Francisco Pizarro. Manco Inca Yupanqui1533–1544 Son of Huayna Capac 1544 Installed by Francisco Pizarro. Led a revolt against the Spanish in 1536; after his defeat, established the Neo Inca State in Vilcabamba before being killed by Almagristas. Paullu Inca1536–1549 Son of Huayna Capac 1549 Installed by the Spanish after Manco Inca rebelled; ruled in Cuzco. Inca of Vilcabamba Sayri Túpac1544–1560 Son of Manco Inca Yupanqui 1560 Ruled in Vilcabamba. Titu Cusi1563–1571 Son of Manco Inca Yupanqui 1571 Ruled in Vilcabamba. Túpac Amaru1571–1572 Son of Manco Inca Yupanqui 24 September 1572Excecuted by the Spanish Ruled in Vilcabamba. The last Sapa Inca. This last Sapa Inca must not be confused with Túpac Amaru II, who was leader of an 18th century Peruvian uprising.