Дат тілінің жуталанд диалектілері

Group of dialects of Danish

Jutlandic, or Jutish (Danish: jysk; ), is the western variety of Danish, spoken on the peninsula of Jutland in Denmark. Generally, Jutlandic can be divided into two different dialects: general or Northern Jutlandic ( nørrejysk; further divided into western and eastern) and Southern Jutlandic ( sønderjysk). There are major phonological differences between the dialects, but also very noteworthy morphological, syntactic, and semantic variations.

The different subdialects of Jutlandic differ somewhat from each other, and are generally grouped in three main dialects, where two of them are sometimes considered together.

Sønderjysk (South Jutlandic) is often seen as very difficult for other speakers of Danish, even other Jutlandic dialects to understand. Instead of the normal Danish stød, it has tonal accents like Swedish. Many of the phonemes are also different, including velar fricatives much like in German. It also has the definite article before the noun, as opposed to the standard Danish postclitic article.

Østjysk (East Jutlandic) is the closest to the standard of the three Jutlandic dialects, but still differs widely in the pronunciation of vowels and the voiced stops word initially or intervocalically. Some dialects of East Jutlandic also still have three genders, like the majority of Swedish and Norwegian dialects.

Vestjysk (West Jutlandic) is also well known for this enclitic article as well as a complete lack of gender distinction. Phonetically, it is known for having [w] for the phoneme /v~ʋ/ in all positions, as opposed to only post vocalically in standard Danish. It also can exhibit stød in slightly different environments from the standard.

As mentioned earlier, the klusilspring is an alternative of the stød that occurs only with high vowels. In the other mainland Scandinavian languages as well as South Jutlandic, there are two different tonemes which distinguish between words that were originally one or two syllables. Tone 1 is a simple rising then falling tone in most dialects and tone 2 is more complex, e. g. hus 'house' = Standard Danish ~ huse 'houses' = Standard Danish In standard Danish as well as Jutlandic, tone 1 is replaced with a nonsegmental glottalization and tone 2 disappears entirely. Glottalization can only occur on vowels or sonorants and only in one or two syllable words and is realized in transcription as a [']. However, in two syllable words the second syllable must be a derivational morpheme as the historical environment of tone 1 was one syllable words and tone 2 only occurred on two syllable words. Due to apocope and the morphology, both tones and the stød can now be found on one and two syllable words. There can be multiple stød segments per word, if the word is a compound, which separates its phonetically from the tonemes of Swedish, Norwegian and South Jutlandic, which can only occur once over the whole word. However, in contrast to the standard Danish stød, the Jutlandic stød does not usually occur in monosyllabic words with a sonorant + voiceless consonant. Only Djurs dialect and the city dialect of Aarhus have the stød in this environment. As mentioned before, most of north west Jutland does not have a stød after short high vowels, and instead has the klusilspring. The stød is still present on sonorants and mid and low vowels in the proper environment. Western Jutlandic also has a stød on the vowel in originally two syllable words with a geminate voiceless consonant such as {tt}, {kk}, or {pp} e. g. katte 'cats' = Standard Danish ; ikke 'not' = Standard Danish .

Jutlandic also exhibits a strong tendency towards apocope, i. e. skipping the e often found in unstressed syllables, which is itself a weakening of an original North Germanic i, a or u, which causes many words to be distinguished based purely on vowel length or the presence of the stød. Most unstressed syllables are dropped and in some cases final segments, often {r} e. g. kaste 'throw' = Standard Danish (Swedish ). Jutlandic is further known for lacking the diphthong in the first person nominative pronoun: jeg. It is pronounced in the majority of Jutland as [ɑ] but in South Jutlandic and North Western Jutlandic as [æ]. The difference goes back to different forms in Proto Norse, namely ek and eka, both found in early Runic inscriptions. The latter form has a regular breaking of e to ja before an a in the following syllable. The short form, without breaking, is also found in Norwegian, Faroese and Icelandic. In Northern Jutlandic v is a labiovelar approximant before back vowels (in the northernmost dialects also before front vowels), whereas it is a Labiodental approximant in Standard Danish, e. g. vaske 'wash' = Standard Danish The same dialects have voiceless variants of v and j in the initial combinations hj and hv, e. g. hvem 'who' = Standard Danish , hjerte 'heart' = Standard Danish In most parts of Jutland, nd becomes , e. g. finde 'find' = Standard Danish .

One of the hallmarks of the Scandinavian languages is the postclitic definite marker. For example: en mand 'a man', mand en 'the man'. In standard Danish this postclitic marker is only used when there is no adjective present, but if there is an adjective, a definite article is used instead: den store mand 'the big man'. Further, standard Danish has a two gender system, distinguishing between the neuter (intetkøn, et) and "other" (fælleskøn, en) genders. In Jutland, however, very few dialects match the standard in these two aspects. There are dialects with one, two and three genders, as well as dialects lacking the postclitic definite marker entirely.