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Children's behavior on the streets

Children's street culture refers to the cumulative culture created by young children. Collectively, this body of knowledge is passed down from one generation of urban children to the next, and can also be passed between different groups of children (e. g. in the form of crazes, but also in intergenerational mixing). It is most common in children between the ages of seven and twelve. It is strongest in urban working class industrial districts where children are traditionally free to "play outside" in the streets for long periods without supervision.

Children's street culture is invented and largely sustained by children themselves, although it may come to incorporate fragments of media culture and toys in its activities. It is not to be confused with the commercial media culture produced for children (e. g., comics, television, mass produced toys, and clothing), although it may overlap.

Although children's street activity varies from place to place, research shows that it appears to share many commonalities across many cultures. As a traditional phenomenon it has been closely investigated and documented in the western world during the 20th century by anthropologists and folklorists such as Iona Opie; street photographers such as Roger Mayne, Helen Levitt, David Trainer, Humphrey Spender and Robert Doisneau; urbanists such as Colin Ward and Robin Moore, as well as being described in countless novels of childhood. The research of Robin Moore stresses children's need for "marginal" unsupervised areas "within running distance" of homes (scrubby bushes and hedges, disused buildings). Two academic journals emerged to discuss this area, the Journal of Children's Geographies and Play & Folklore. Children's street culture has occasionally been central to feature films, such as the Our Gang ("Little Rascals") series (1922 onwards), Ealing's Hue and Cry (1947) and some Children's Film Foundation productions such as Go Kart, Go! (1963) and The Soap Box Derby (1958). The spread of distractions such as video games, the Internet, and television has raised concerns about the vitality or survival of children's street culture. The effects of the automobile on society have also been blamed for a decline in children's street culture, due to safety concerns about children playing outside; between 1922 and 1933, over 12,000 children in England and Wales were killed in accidents involving motor vehicles. The designating of play streets ("home zones") militates against such decline.

Many informal groups of small children will develop some level of superstitious beliefs about their local area. For instance, they may believe that there are certain places that are "unlucky" to step on (e. g.: certain large cracks in a sidewalk) or touch (e. g.: gateposts of a certain color) or pass beyond (such as the end of the sidewalk, beyond which is another dimension inhabited by the bogeyman), or that an old woman is a "witch", or that an abandoned house is "haunted". But in some extreme circumstances, a consistent myth may emerge among young children, and across a large area. One example dates from 1997; the Miami New Times published Lynda Edwards' report "Myths Over Miami", which describes a huge consistent mythology spreading among young homeless children in the American South. The story has been picked up and reprinted many times on internet blogs and websites. There is no known verification or confirmation that the mythology she describes actually exists, but these "secret stories" are clearly based on known elements of street culture, such as labeling certain places "haunted" or recycling legends of dangerous spirits such as Bloody Mary. The article was the basis for Mercedes Lackey's novel Mad Maudlin, co written with Rosemary Edghill.

Ervin Beck. "Children's Guy Fawkes Customs in Sheffield", Folklore, 95 (1984), 191 203. David Sobel. Children's Special Places: Exploring the Role of Forts, Dens, and Bush Houses in Middle Childhood (2001).

Simon Bronner. American Children's Folklore (1988). Robin C. Moore. Childhood's Domain: Play and Place (1986). (In depth advanced study of three small areas of England, with maps and photos). Iona Opie. The People in the Playground (1993) (In depth study of children's playground lore and life). Iona Opie. The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (1959). Steve Roud, The Lore of the Playground, Random House (2010). Robert Paul Smith. Where Did You Go? Out. What Did You Do? Nothing. (1957) (Memoir focusing on children's pastimes, New York, 1920s)
David Sobel. Mapmaking with Children: Sense of Place Education for the Elementary Years (1998). Leea Virtanen. Children's Lore (1978). (English translation of a 30,000 sample study from Finland). Colin Ward (with photos by Ann Golzen). The Child in the City (1977). (Groundbreaking key book, with a focus on the British experience). The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for "Children's games" recommends: "the following works: A. B. Gomme's Traditional Games of Great Britain (2 vols., Nutt, 1894 1898); Gomme's Children's Singing Games (Nutt, 1904); Newell's Games of American Children (Harper Bros., New York, 1884)."

Roger Mayne. Street Photographs of Roger Mayne (1996, Victoria and Albert Museum). Robert Doisneau. Les Enfants, Les Gosses (1992). Helen Levitt. In The Street: chalk drawings and messages, New York City 1938 1948. (1987) — (Chalkings and children making them)
Eddie Elliott (Curator). Knock Down Ginger: Seventy Years of Street Kids (Exhibition, Photographers' Gallery, London; July 2001). Les Enfants (Editions de La Martinière, France, 2001) (Anthology of French street photography of children; by Ronis, Riboud, Doisneau, Cartier Bresson, and others). R. S. Johnson & J. T. Oman. Street Children (1964). Hodder & Stoughton, London. (Photography & poetic text on facing pages, re: young British children's street play).