Джордж Фитцхью: Оңтүстік социологы және құлдық жақтаушысы

American sociologist (1806–1881)
the Chancellor of Cambridge University and Dean of Lincoln

George Fitzhugh (November 4, 1806 – July 30, 1881) was an American social theorist who published racial and slavery based social theories in the antebellum era. He argued that the negro was "but a grown up child" needing the economic and social protections of slavery. Fitzhugh decried capitalism as practiced by the Northern United States and Great Britain as spawning "a war of the rich with the poor, and the poor with one another", rendering free blacks "far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition." Slavery, he contended, ensured that blacks would be economically secure and morally civilized. Some historians consider Fitzhugh's worldview to be proto fascist in its rejection of liberal values, defense of slavery, and perspectives toward race. Fitzhugh practiced law but attracted both fame and infamy when he published two sociological tracts for the South. He was a leading pro slavery intellectual and spoke for many of the Southern plantation owners. Before printing books, Fitzhugh tried his hand at a pamphlet, "Slavery Justified" (1849). His first book, Sociology for the South (1854) was not as widely known as his second book, Cannibals All! (1857). Sociology for the South is the first known English language book to include the term "sociology" in its title. Fitzhugh differed from nearly all of his southern contemporaries by advocating a slavery that crossed racial boundaries. In Sociology for the South, Fitzhugh proclaimed, "Men are not 'born entitled to equal rights!' It would be far nearer the truth to say, 'that some were born with saddles on their backs, and others booted and spurred to ride them,' – and the riding does them good. "; and that the Declaration of Independence "deserves the tumid yet appropriate epithets which Major Lee somewhere applies to the writings of Mr. Jefferson, it is, 'exhuberantly false, and arborescently fallacious.'"

George Fitzhugh was born on November 10, 1806, to George Fitzhugh Sr. (a surgeon/physician) and Lucy (née Stuart) Fitzhugh. He was born in Prince William County, Virginia. His family moved to Alexandria, Virginia, when he was six. He attended public school though his career was built on self education. He married Mary Metcalf Brockenbrough in 1829 and moved to Port Royal, Virginia. There he began his own law business. Fitzhugh took up residence in a "rickety old mansion" that he inherited through his wife's family, known for a vast collection of bats in its attic. He was something of a recluse in this home for most of his life and rarely travelled away from it for extended periods of time, spending most of his days there engaged in unguided reading from a vast library of books and pamphlets. Of the writers in his library, Fitzhugh's beliefs were most heavily influenced by Thomas Carlyle, whom he read frequently and referenced in many of his works. Atypical for a slavery advocate, Fitzhugh also subscribed to and regularly read abolitionist pamphlets such as The Liberator. He made only one major visit to other parts of the nation in the entire antebellum period – an 1855 journey to the north where he met and argued with abolitionists Gerrit Smith and Wendell Phillips. Never politically active in his own right, Fitzhugh managed to find the company of well known political figures in his day. In addition to the two abolitionists, Fitzhugh was an acquaintance of several public officials. In 1857 Fitzhugh served as a law clerk in Washington, D. C. under Attorney General Jeremiah Sullivan Black. He gained fairly wide circulation in print, writing articles for several Virginia newspapers and for the widely circulated Southern magazine DeBow's Review. After moving to Richmond, Virginia, in 1862 he began to work in the Treasury of the Confederacy. After the Civil War, Fitzhugh spent a short time judging for the Freedmen's Court and then retiring to Kentucky after his wife's death in 1877. He later moved to his daughter's residence in Huntsville, Texas, where he died on July 30, 1881. He is buried in a grave in Oakwood Cemetery, Huntsville, where his daughter, Mariella Fitzhugh Foster and her husband Capt. Marcellus Aurelius Foster are also buried.

George Fitzhugh was among a cadre of Southern intellectuals who advocated for a universal slavery which included the white race. Fitzhugh's contempt for wage labor and laissez faire capitalism are themes which dominated his Failure of Free Society and Cannibals All! In these works, Fitzhugh argued free labor was a crueler system than slavery. The results of free labor alienated the working class and therefore, produced movements for socialism, abolitionism, and feminism. As a solution, Fitzhugh advocated for extending the paternalistic relationship of the plantation system to encompass lower class whites. Fitzhugh postulated slavery as a humane alternative for both black and white laborers that would rectify the evils in laissez faire capitalism. Although the idea of universal slavery was unpopular, Fitzhugh advocated expanding the South's "Peculiar Institution" (of slavery) until 1867 where he conceded wage labor was an adequate replacement for slavery.

George Fitzhugh held many moderate and mainstream Southern opinions. Nonetheless, by the standards of his Antebellum contemporaries, many of Fitzhugh's ideas were radical. Fitzhugh was a prolific reactionary who advocated anything necessary to preserve slavery such as military dictatorship. Fitzhugh differed from his peers in promoting absolute power at the expense of the slave master class’ rights.

"Centralization and Socialism," DeBow's Review, Vol. XX, 1856. "The Counter Current, or Slavery Principles," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXI, 1856. "The Conservative Principle; or, Social Evils and Their Remedies," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXII, 1857. "The Conservative Principle; or, Social Evils and Their Remedies, Part II: The Slave Trade," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXII, 1857. "Black Republicanism in Athens," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIII, 1857. "The Politics and Economics of Aristotle and Mr. Calhoun," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIII, 1857. "Southern Thought — Its New and Important Manifestations," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIII, 1857. "Southern Thought Again," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIII, 1857. "Wealth of the North and the South," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIII, 1857. "Private and Public Luxury," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIV, 1858. "The White Slave Trade," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIV, 1858. "Public Lands of Rome and America," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIV, 1858. "Washington City," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIV, 1858. "Reaction and the Administration," Part II, DeBow's Review, Vol. XXV, 1858. "The Atlantic Telegraph—Ancient Art and Modern Progress," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXV, 1858. "Acquisition of Mexico—Filibustering", DeBow's Review, Vol. XXV, 1858. "Origin of Civilization—What is Property?—Which is the Best Slave Race," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXV, 1858. "Old Churchies, Ministers and Families of Virginia," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859. "The Administration and the Slave Trade," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859. "The Valleys of Virginia — The Rappahannock," Part II, DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859. "The Old Dominion — Valley of Rappahannock," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859. "Ancient Families of Virginia, Maryland," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859. "Uniform Postage, Railroads, Telegraphs, Fashions," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVI, 1859. "Samuel Nott, of Massachusetts, on European Experiments with Serfdom," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859. "Law Reports—Multiplicity of Law Books," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859. "Trade and Panics," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859. "Entails and Primogeniture," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859. "The Northern Neck of Virginia," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859. "Missionary Failures," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859. "Life and Liberty in America," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859. "Bayard Taylor's Travels in Greece and Russia," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859. "Modern Agriculture," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVII, 1859. "Disunion within the Union," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860. "Ancient and Modern Art and Literature," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860. "Slavery Aggressions," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860. "Love of Danger and Love of War," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860. "The English Reviews," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860. "Johnson, Boswell, Goldsmith etc.," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860. "Oliver Goldsmith and Dr. Johnson," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860. "Popular Institutions," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860. "Make Home Attractive," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860. "Milton and Macaulay," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXVIII, 1860. "Milton, Byron, and Southey," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIX, 1860. "The Domain of Fashion," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXIX, 1860. "The Times and the War," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXI, 1861. "Hayti and the Monroe Doctrine," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXI, 1861. "The Women of the South," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXI, 1861. "Superiority of Southern Races," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXI, 1861. "Reflections on the Conduct of the War," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXI, 1861. "Society, Labor, Capital, Etc.," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXII, 1862. "Conduct of the War," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXII, 1862. "History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe, by M. Guizot," DeBow's Review, Vol. XXXII, 1862. "Antinomic Pathology," Southern Literary Messenger, Vol. XXXVII, July 1863. "The Uses and Morality of War and Peace," DeBow's Review, January 1866. "Virginia—Her Past, Present, and Future," DeBow's Review, February 1866. "Liberty and Civilization," DeBow's Review, March 1866. "Pecuniary Independence—What Is It?," DeBow's Review, May 1866. "What's to Be Done with the Negroes?," DeBow's Review, June 1866. "Home Education and the Home Circle," DeBow's Review, July 1866. "Shall the Spartan Virtues of the South Survive the War?," DeBow's Review, August 1866. "Terribly in Earnest," DeBow's Review, August 1866. "Commerce, War, and Civilization," DeBow's Review, September 1866. "Old Maids and Old Bachelors," DeBow's Review, September 1866. "Camp Lee and the Freedmen's Bureau," DeBow's Review, October 1866. "National Debt a National Blessing," DeBow's Review, October 1866. "Thad. Stevens's Conscience," DeBow's Review, November 1866. "The Freedmen," DeBow's Review, November 1866. "Impending Fate of the Country," DeBow's Review, December 1866. "John Stuart Mill on Political Economy," DeBow's Review, January 1867. "Excess of Population and Increase of Crime and Pauperism," DeBow's Review, February 1867. "Our Trip to the Country," DeBow's Review, February 1867. "Monarchy in America," DeBow's Review, March 1867. "Exodus from the South," DeBow's Review, April/May 1867. "Liberty versus Government," DeBow's Review, April/May 1867. "Moral Philosophies," DeBow's Review, April/May 1867. "The Negro Imbroglio," DeBow's Review, June 1867. "Still Life in the Country," DeBow's Review, June 1867. "Revolutions of '76 and '61," DeBow's Review, August 1867. "The Poor House System," DeBow's Review, August 1867. "Mandeville's Fable of the Bees," DeBow's Review, September 1867. "Cui Bono. The Negro Vote," DeBow's Review, October 1867. "Land Monopoly — Savage Nature," DeBow's Review, November 1867. "The Return of Good Feeling," DeBow's Review, December 1867. "Land Monopoly," Lippincott's Magazine, Vol. IV, September 1869.

A Controversy on Slavery Between George Fitzhugh and A. Hogeboom, Printed at the "Oneida Sachem" Office, 1857. Ante bellum: Writings of George Fitzhugh and Hinton Rowan Helper on Slavery, Capricorn Books 1960.