Уэльстің Брефи ауылы және оның тарихы

Village and community in Ceredigion, Wales

Llanddewi Brefi is a village, parish and community of approximately 500 people in Ceredigion, Wales. The village is notable for the famous Synod of Brefi held here in the sixth century. A number of miraculous events are said to have occurred during the synod, most notably by Saint David Dewi Sant, patron saint of Wales. Today, it is one of the largest parishes in Wales and lies 7 mile (11 km) north east of Lampeter between Tregaron and Llanfair Clydogau.

The village was simply named Brefi at the time of the synod, and the name Bremia appears in the Ravenna Cosmography as a station on the route through Wales. The station and route are thought to refer to the Bremia Roman fort and the Sarn Helen respectively. The name was also recorded by the antiquarian John Leland as Brevy, which he states is the name of the small river that runs through the village and into the Teifi. As such it is believed that both the Roman fort and the modern village were named for an ancient Celtic name for the river meaning "a bubbling stream". A popular folk etymology derives the name from a local legend that two oxen were hauling stone up a steep hill when one collapsed and died. The other ox is said to have been so distraught at the sight that they "bellowed nine times" and bellowed so loudly that the place became known as "Brefi" (brefi also being a Welsh word for "bellow"). Ever since the synod the village has been known as Llanddewi Brefi, meaning "the Llan (an ancient holy place) of Saint David at Brefi."

In the British Iron Age, the area formed part of the tribal lands of the Demetae or possibly the Ordovices. Romans activity in the area is evidenced by the construction of a square auxiliary fort around AD 73 77, close to a crossing point of the river for which it was named. The fort was a station on a Roman road known in later Welsh tradition as the Sarn Helen, leading north from Luentinum, the fort at Dolaucothi. The Romans occupied the fort with around 500 soldiers until withdrawing around fifty years later. Despite this short occupation a settlement of around a thousand civilians is thought to have developed, as evidenced by the extensive archeological evidence and the presence of a Thermae (Roman bathhouse). Two of five inscribed stones found in the area indicate that the fort's garrison included soldiers from the Cohors II Astrium, a military unit from Asturias, Spain. Around AD 424, the area was conquered by Ceredig (traditionally said to be the Great Grandfather of Saint David), and became part of the new Kingdom of Ceredigion.

In the early sixth century, the village was the location for a convocation of leading figures in the Celtic Church to discuss the church's response to the Pelagian heresy. Medieval Welsh writing would record this synod, as a central event in the lives of many Welsh saints, including Saint Paulinus, Saint Deiniol, Saint Cybi, Saint Dubricius, and Saint David. A number of miracles and notable occurrences are attributed to this synod, most notably the ground underneath the young Saint David miraculously raised up under his feet, so that he may be better heard among the church elders and address the large crowd gathered there. This event is said to have taken place on the small hill where St. Davids church now stands. This miracle and David's speech was said to have had impressed the senior bishop, Saint Dubricius so much that he gifted David the ancient Metropolitan See of Caerleon (which David subsequently moved to St Davids), and retired to Bardsey Island.

In the eleventh and twelfth centuries the area was the scene of much fighting both against the invading Normans and between the established Kingdom of Powys and Deheubarth. In 1073, a particularly bloody battle was fought at Llanddewi Brefi in which the Powysian forces (led by the sons of Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Gronw and Llewelyn) were victorious against Rhŷs ap Owain of Deheubarth (who they believed had murdered their grandfather, Bleddyn ap Cynfyn). The Norman Bishop of St Davids also established an ecclesiastical college in the village in honour of their patron saint.

The church site is associated with religious worship since the 7th century and fragments of even older buildings are incorporated into the church building and its grounds. The construction of the Norman church is credited to Thomas Bek, Bishop of St Davids, who built it as a collegiate church for the establishment which he is said to have founded here in 1187.

In addition to the Anglican church, there is a non conformist chapel, two pubs and one village shop. The village and the surrounding area are largely Welsh speaking and the local economy is dominated by sheep and dairy farming. Pont Gogoyan is a bridge over the River Teifi, 1 mile (2 km) to the south west of the village and within the parish. The bridge has five stone arches and was built in the 18th century. It is a Grade II* listed structure. In 1977 the village was the scene of one of the world's biggest ever raids involving the drug LSD. Over 6 million tabs of the drug were seized as part of Operation Julie on 26 March of that year. The village is the home of the character in the television comedy series Little Britain. The popularity of the show led to tourists visiting to be photographed next to the village's road signs; several of the signs were stolen and listed for sale in 2005.