Лингвистикалық предикаттың аргументтерінің саны мен түрі

Number and type of arguments controlled by a linguistic predicate

In linguistics, valency or valence is the number and type of arguments controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates. Valency is related, though not identical, to subcategorization and transitivity, which count only object arguments – valency counts all arguments, including the subject. The linguistic meaning of valency derives from the definition of valency in chemistry. Like valency found in chemistry, there is the binding of specific elements. In the grammatical theory of valency, the verbs organize sentences by binding the specific elements. Examples of elements that would be bound would be the complement and the actant. Although the term originates from valence in chemistry, linguistic valency has a close analogy in mathematics under the term arity. The valency metaphor appeared first in linguistics in Charles Sanders Peirce's essay "The Logic of Relatives" in 1897, and it then surfaced in the works of a number of linguists decades later in the late 1940s and 1950s. Lucien Tesnière is credited most with having established the valency concept in linguistics. A major authority on the valency of the English verbs is Allerton (1982), who made the important distinction between semantic and syntactic valency.

Reducing valency involves moving an argument from the core to oblique status. This kind of derivation applies most to transitive clauses. Since there are two arguments in a transitive clause, A and P, there are two possibilities for reducing the valency: passive voice and antipassive voice are prototypical valency reducing devices. R. M. W. Dixon has proposed four properties of passives and antipassives. They apply to underlying transitive clauses and form a derived intransitive. The underlying P becomes S of the passive; the underlying A becomes S of the antipassive. The underlying A goes into the periphery of the passive; the underlying P goes into the periphery of the antipassive. These are marked by a non core case/preposition/etc. They can be omitted, but there's always the option of including them. There is some explicit marking of the construction. He acknowledges that this excludes some constructions labeled as "passive" by some linguists. Other ways to reduce valency include the reflexives, reciprocals, inverse constructions, middle voice, object demotion, noun incorporation, and object incorporation.