Кіріспе
Кеңес Одағының валютасы
Currency of the Soviet Union
The ruble or rouble ('/r//uː//b//əl/; ) was the currency of the Soviet Union. It was introduced in 1922 and replaced the Imperial Russian ruble. One ruble was divided into 100 kopecks (копейка, pl. копейки – kopeyka, kopeyki). Soviet banknotes and coins were produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (or Goznak) in Moscow and Leningrad. In addition to regular cash rubles, other types of rubles were also issued, such as several forms of convertible ruble, transferable ruble, clearing ruble, Vneshtorgbank cheque, etc. ; also, several forms of virtual rubles (called "cashless ruble", безналичный рубль) were used for inter enterprise accounting and international settlement in the Comecon zone. In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Soviet ruble continued to be used in the post Soviet states, forming a "ruble zone", until it was replaced with the Russian ruble in September 1993.
The ruble or rouble ('/r//uː//b//əl/; ) was the currency of the Soviet Union. It was introduced in 1922 and replaced the Imperial Russian ruble. One ruble was divided into 100 kopecks (копейка, pl. копейки – kopeyka, kopeyki). Soviet banknotes and coins were produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (or Goznak) in Moscow and Leningrad. In addition to regular cash rubles, other types of rubles were also issued, such as several forms of convertible ruble, transferable ruble, clearing ruble, Vneshtorgbank cheque, etc. ; also, several forms of virtual rubles (called "cashless ruble", безналичный рубль) were used for inter enterprise accounting and international settlement in the Comecon zone. In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Soviet ruble continued to be used in the post Soviet states, forming a "ruble zone", until it was replaced with the Russian ruble in September 1993.
Рубль немесе рубль – Кеңес Одағының валютасы болған. Ол 1922 жылы енгізіліп, Ресей империясының рублінің орнын басты. Бір рубль 100 копейкаға (копейка, көпше түрі – копейки) бөлінген. Кеңес банкноттары мен монеталарын Мәскеу мен Ленинградтағы Федералды мемлекеттік унитарлық кәсіпорын (немесе Гознак) өндірген. Қолма-қол айналыстағы рубльдерден басқа, түрлі конвертирленетін рубль, аудармалы рубль, клирингтік рубль, Внешторгбанк чегі сияқты рубльдің басқа да түрлері шығарылды. Сонымен қатар, Comecon аймағында кәсіпорындар арасындағы есептесу және халықаралық төлемдер үшін «ақшасыз рубль» деп аталатын виртуалды рубльдің бірнеше түрі қолданылды. 1991 жылы Кеңес Одағы тарағаннан кейін, совет рублі 1993 жылдың қыркүйегінде Ресей рублімен алмастырылғанға дейін, посткеңестік мемлекеттерде «рубль аймағын» құрап қолданыла берді.
Currency of the Soviet Union
The ruble or rouble ('/r//uː//b//əl/; ) was the currency of the Soviet Union. It was introduced in 1922 and replaced the Imperial Russian ruble. One ruble was divided into 100 kopecks (копейка, pl. копейки – kopeyka, kopeyki). Soviet banknotes and coins were produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (or Goznak) in Moscow and Leningrad. In addition to regular cash rubles, other types of rubles were also issued, such as several forms of convertible ruble, transferable ruble, clearing ruble, Vneshtorgbank cheque, etc. ; also, several forms of virtual rubles (called "cashless ruble", безналичный рубль) were used for inter enterprise accounting and international settlement in the Comecon zone. In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Soviet ruble continued to be used in the post Soviet states, forming a "ruble zone", until it was replaced with the Russian ruble in September 1993.
The ruble or rouble ('/r//uː//b//əl/; ) was the currency of the Soviet Union. It was introduced in 1922 and replaced the Imperial Russian ruble. One ruble was divided into 100 kopecks (копейка, pl. копейки – kopeyka, kopeyki). Soviet banknotes and coins were produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (or Goznak) in Moscow and Leningrad. In addition to regular cash rubles, other types of rubles were also issued, such as several forms of convertible ruble, transferable ruble, clearing ruble, Vneshtorgbank cheque, etc. ; also, several forms of virtual rubles (called "cashless ruble", безналичный рубль) were used for inter enterprise accounting and international settlement in the Comecon zone. In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Soviet ruble continued to be used in the post Soviet states, forming a "ruble zone", until it was replaced with the Russian ruble in September 1993.
Этимология
Рубль сөзі славян тіліндегі рубить, рубит, яғни 'шабу' етістігінен туындаған. Тарихи тұрғыдан алғанда, "рубль" – күміс слиткадан (гривнадан) кесілген белгілі бір салмақты бөлік, сондықтан осылай аталған. Копейка (орысша: копейка) – орыс тіліндегі копьё (копьё) – найза сөзінің кішітетімі. Бұның себебі – монетаның бір жағында найза ұстаған атты әскердің бейнесі сомдалған. 1534 жылдан бастап Новгород пен Псковта соғылған алғашқы копейка монеталарында найзалы атты бейнеленген. 1540 жылдардан бастап атты адам тақ киді, және бұл, әрине, 1547 жылға дейін барлық Ресейдің Ұлы князі, ал кейіннен патша болған Иван Грозныйды бейнелеу мақсатында жасалған. 18-ғасырдан бастап монетаның кейінгі нұсқаларында Киелі Георгий жыланды жеңіп жатқан бейнесі бейнеленген.
The word ruble is derived from the Slavic verb рубить, rubit', i. e., 'to chop'. Historically, a "ruble" was a piece of a certain weight chopped off a silver ingot (grivna), hence the name. The word kopeck or copeck (in Russian: копейка kopeyka) is a diminutive form of the Russian kop'yo (копьё)—a spear. The reason for this is that a horseman armed with a spear was stamped on one of the faces of the coin. The first kopeck coins, minted at Novgorod and Pskov from about 1534 onwards, show a horseman with a spear. From the 1540s onwards the horseman bears a crown, and doubtless the intention was to represent Ivan the Terrible, who was Grand Prince of all Russia until 1547, and Tsar thereafter. Subsequent mintings of the coin, starting in the 18th century, bear instead Saint George striking down a serpent.
Бірінші кеңестік рубль (қағаз), 19171922
Кеңес үкіметі үшін шығарылған алғашқы рубль 1917 жылғы Революцияға дейінгі рубльдің бұрынғы шығарылымына негізделген алдын ала шығарылым болды. Олардың барлығы банкнота түрінде және 1919 жылы шығарыла бастады. Осы кезде ақ орыс үкіметі және басқа да басқарушы органдар да өз шығарылымдарын жасады. Сол кезде Ресей экономикасы жоғары инфляциядан зардап шекті. Номиналдары мынадай болды: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 60, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 25,000, 50,000 және 100,000 рубль. 1,000,000, 5,000,000 және 10,000,000 рубльдік банкноттарды шығаруды толықтыру үшін қысқа мерзімді қазына сертификаттары да шығарылды. Бұл шығарылым әртүрлі форматта басылды, инфляция өскен сайын қауіпсіздік элементтері азайды және кейбіреулері, неміс инфляциялық банкноттары сияқты, бір жағына ғана басылды. Банкноттар: 1918 жылы РСФСР 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000 және 10,000 рубльдік мемлекеттік кредит ноталарын енгізді. 1919 жылы оларға 1, 2, 3, 15, 20, 60, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000 және 10,000 рубльдік валюталық ноталар қосылды. 1921 жылы 5, 50, 25,000, 50,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 5,000,000 және 10,000,000 рубльдік валюталық ноталардың номиналдары енгізілді.
The first ruble issued for the Soviet government was a preliminary issue still based on the previous issue of the ruble prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917. They are all in banknote form and started their issue in 1919. At this time other issues were made by the white Russian government and other governing bodies. During that time, the Russian economy suffered from hyperinflation. Denominations were as follows: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 60, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 25,000, 50,000, and 100,000 rubles. Short term treasury certificates were also issued to supplement banknote issue in 1,000,000, 5,000,000, and 10,000,000 rubles. These issue was printed in various fashions, as inflation crept up the security features were few and some were printed on one side, as was the case for the German inflationary notes. Banknotes: In 1918, state credit notes were introduced by the RSFSR for 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 Rbls, 500 Rbls, 1,000 Rbls, 5,000 Rbls, and 10,000 rubles. These were followed in 1919 by currency notes for 1, 2, 3, 15, 20, 60, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 rubles. In 1921, currency note denominations of 5, 50, 25,000, 50,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 5,000,000, and 10,000,000 rubles were added.
Алтын рубль (червонец), 19211924
1921 жылы Жаңа экономикалық саясаттың басталуымен, валюта және есептік бірлік ретінде соғысқа дейінгі алтын стандартындағы рубльді қайта жаңғыртуға күш салынды, ол 1/10 шервонецке тең болатын (10 рубль 90% таза алтынның 8.602 граммына тең, бұл сол кезде 5,14 АҚШ долларына бағаланып, тұрды). Алтын рубль 1917–1922 жылдарғы қағаз рубльмен қатар жүріп, одан құнсыздана берді, 1924 жылғы наурыз айында бір алтын рубльге 50 миллиард қағаз рубль жетті. Монеталар: Ресей азамат соғысынан кейін шығарылған алғашқы монеталар 1921–1923 жылдары соғысқа дейінгі патшалық үлгідегі стандарттарға сәйкес жасалды. Олардың ішінде 50% күмістен 10, 15, 20 копейка, 90% күмістен 50 копейка ("полтинник" немесе 1/2 рубль) және 1 рубль, ал 90% алтыннан 10 рубльдік (шервонец) монеталар болды. Бұл монеталардың бетінде РСФСР (Ресей Кеңестік Федеративтік Социалистік Республикасы) эмблемасы мен жазулары, сондай-ақ "Әлем жұмысшылары, бірігіңдер!" деген танымал ұран бейнеленген. Бұл монеталар РСФСР басқа Кеңес Республикаларымен бірігіп КСРО құрылғаннан кейін, 1931 жылы күміс монеталар шығарылуын тоқтатқанға дейін айналымда болды.
Upon launch of the New Economic Policy in 1921 came efforts to revive as currency and accounting unit the pre war gold standard ruble, equal to 1/10 of a chervonets (with Rbls 10. equal to 8.602 g of 90% fine gold, then equal to US$5.14). The gold ruble existed in parallel with the paper ruble of 1917–1922, which continued to depreciate versus the former, climbing to 50 billion paper rubles per gold ruble in March 1924. Coins: The first coinage after the Russian Civil War was minted in 1921–1923 according to pre war Czarist standards, with silver coins of 10 kop, 15 kop, 20 kop minted in 50% silver, 50 kop ("poltinnik" or Rbl 1/2) and Rbl 1 in 90% silver, and Rbls 10 (chervonets) in 90% gold. These coins bore the emblem and legends of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) and depicted the famous slogan, "Workers of the world, Unite!". These coins would continue to circulate after the RSFSR was consolidated into the USSR with other Soviet Republics until the discontinuation of silver coinage in 1931.
Үшінші кеңестік рубль, 1923 жылғы 1 қаңтар 1924 жылғы 6 наурыз
Үшінші совет рублі 1917–1922 жылдардағы 1 000 000 қағаз рубльге теңестірілді, бұл тек алғашқы валютадағы санның үлкендігімен күресу үшін жасалды. Ол алтын рубльге шағылысқан құнын төмендетуді жалғастырды, содан кейін 1924 жылы ол 50 000 рубльге жетті. Тек қағаз ақша ғана шығарылды, ол 50 копейка, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1 000, 5 000 және 10 000 рубль номиналындағы мемлекеттік валюталық банкноттар түрінде болды. 1924 жылдың басында, келесі қайта бағалауға дейін, КСРО атынан алғашқы қағаз ақшалар шығарылды, оларда бидайдың төңірегіндегі алты жолақты мемлекеттік эмблема бейнеленген, ол одақтың сол кездегі төрт құрауыш республикасының тілдерін көрсетеді: Ресей КСР, Кавказ ССР (әзербайжан, армян және грузин), Украина КСР және Белорусь КСР. Олар 1923 жылмен даталанды және 10 000, 15 000 және 25 000 рубль номиналында шығарылды.
The third Soviet ruble was issued equal to 1,000,000 paper rubles of 1917–1922, simply to handle the unwieldiness over the number of digits in the first currency. Again it continued to depreciate versus the gold ruble until the latter climbed to Rbls 50,000 in 1924. Only paper money was issued, in the form of state currency notes in denominations of 50 kopecks and 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 rubles. In early 1924, just before the next redenomination, the first paper money was issued in the name of the USSR, featuring the state emblem with six bands around the wheat, representing the languages of the then four constituent republics of the Union: Russian SFSR, Transcaucasian SFSR (Azerbaijani, Armenian, and Georgian), Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. They were dated 1923 and were in denominations of Rbls 10,000, Rbls 15,000, and Rbls 25,000.
Төртінші кеңес рублі, 1924 жылғы 7 наурыз 1947 жыл
Иосиф Сталиннің Лениннің қайтысынан кейін билікті консолидациялауынан соң, барлық бұрынғы валюталарды алмастырған соңғы қайта номиналдау жүзеге асты. Төртінші совет рублі үшінші шығарылымның 50 000 рубліне немесе бірінші шығарылымның 50 миллиард қағаз рубліне тең болды және алтын рубльмен (1/10 червонец) бірдей шартта басталды. Ол 1923 жылдың соңына қарай орын алған үшінші рубльдің айырбас бағамының тұрақтанғанына негізделді. Ескі рубльдер номиналды құнының оннан бір бөлігіне қайта бағаланды. Бұл көбінесе жеке тұлғалардың қолындағы қағаз ақшаға қатысты. Жеке банктік шоттардағы 3000 рубльге дейінгі сомалар қайта бағаланбады, ал жалақылар өзгеріссіз қалды. Бұл қайта бағалау соғыс кезеңіндегі нормалаудың аяқталуымен және бағаларды төмендету мен инфляцияны шектеу жөніндегі күш-жігермен бірге жүрді, бірақ кейбір жағдайларда инфляцияның өсуіне әкелді. Басқа реформалардан өзгеше, бұл реформа монеталарға әсер етпеді.
After Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power following the death of Lenin, a final redenomination occurred which replaced all previously issued currencies. The fourth Soviet ruble was equal to 50,000 rubles of the third issue, or 50 billion paper rubles of the first issue, and began at par with the gold ruble (1/10 chervonets). It built on the stability in the exchange value of the third ruble which happened towards the end of 1923. Old rubles were revalued at one tenth of their face value. This mainly affected paper money in the hands of private individuals. Amounts of Rbls 3,000 or less in individual private bank accounts were not revalued, while salaries remained the same. This revaluation coincided with the end of wartime rationing and efforts to lower prices and curtail inflation, though the effects in some cases actually resulted in higher inflation. Unlike other reforms, this one did not affect coins.
Алтыншы кеңестік рубль, 19611991, (ISO коды SUR ретінде анықталды)
1961 жылғы қайта бағалау 1 жаңа рубльді 10 ескі рубльге теңдестіріп енгізді және барлық жалақылар, бағалар мен қаржылық есептерді жаңа рубльмен қайта есептеді. Бұл 1947 жылғы реформаның мүлікті тәркілеу сипатынан өзгеше болды, онда банкноттардың құны 1/10-ға төмендетілгенімен, жалақы мен бағалар өзгеріссіз қалды. Дегенмен, АҚШ долларына шаққандағы құны девальвацияланды, яғни 1 АҚШ доллары = 4 ескі рубль (0,4 жаңа рубль) болғаннан 1 АҚШ доллары = 0,9 жаңа рубль (немесе 90 тиын) болды. Бұл бір троялық унция алтынға 31,50 рубль, немесе 1 рубль = 0,987412 грамм алтынға тең келеді, бірақ бұл алтынға айырбастау халыққа қолжетімді болған жоқ. Осы сериядағы банкноттар мен монеталарды Иван Дубасов суреттеді.
The 1961 redenomination introduced 1 new ruble equal to 10 old rubles and restated all wages, prices and financial records into new rubles. It differed from the confiscatory nature of the 1947 reform when banknotes were reduced to 1/10 of their value but wages and prices remained the same. Its parity to the US dollar underwent a devaluation, however, from US$1 = 4 old rubles (0.4 new ruble) to US$1 = 0.9 new ruble (or 90 kopecks). It implies a gold parity of Rbls 31.50 per troy ounce or Rbl 1 = 0.987412 gram of gold, but this exchange for gold was never available to the general public. Banknotes and coins of this series were designed by Ivan Dubasov.
1989 жылы шығарылмаған совет рубльдері
1967 жылы 50 жылдық мерекелік банкнота жасау жобасы сәтсіз аяқталғаннан кейін, 1988 жылы 30 рубльдік банкнота жобалары Гознакта әзірленді. 1967 жылғы жобаның үлгісі ретінде жасалған алғашқы рубль, бұрынғы советтік дәстүрден жаңарып, ескі үлгіні бұзды. Олар банкнотаға басқа суреттер салуды шешті, алғашқы нұсқада Циолковскийдің мүсіні бейнеленген болатын. Белгісіз себептермен жоба тоқтатылып, банкнота прототипі талқыланғаннан кейін, оның көшірмелері өте аз санда ғана сақталды және "сәтсіз жобалар" архивіне жіберілді. Сонымен қатар, олар Кремль мұнарасының суретін салу арқылы дәстүрлі 30 советтік рубльдік банкнотаны қабылдауға тырысты, бұл жоба банкнотаның бетін толығымен өзгертіп жіберді. Жоба 1988 жылы басталса да, 1989 жылы аяқталды. Оны қабылдауға мүмкіндік пен ниет болғанымен, Госбанк оны іске асырмауға шешім қабылдады және жоба тоқтатылды. Тіпті 1988 жылы Циолковский ескерткіші бейнеленген банкноталардың көптеген жобалары қолға алынды, бірақ олар қайта жаңғыртылмады және ұсыныс ретінде қабылданбады. Соның салдарынан тек 30 рубльдік банкнота ғана сақталды, ал қалған нұсқалары жоғалып кетті.
After the failed project of making the 50th anniversary banknotes for 1967, the projects for the 30 ruble in 1988 were worked out in Goznak. The first ruble that was projected as an example of the 1967 project, breaking with old Soviet tradition. They decided to put other faces which in the first note was Tsiolkovsky's statue. For unknown reasons it was cancelled and archived in the "failed projects" archive with barely any prints after a debate around the prototype of the note. At the same time they tried to adopt a more traditional 30 Soviet ruble banknote which replaced the whole face project with the Kremlin Tower. Although the project was already started in 1988 and was finalized in 1989, it had some potential and intention to be adopted but the Gosbank decided to not put in practice and was cancelled. Even in 1988, a lot of projects were started with the Tsiolkovsky monument banknotes but were never recovered and was certainly rejected as a proposal and only the 30 note remained while other variations got lost.
"Ресейдің Орталық банкі" жобасы (1990)
Бұл жобаның мақсаты – «Ресейдің Орталық банкі» аясында жаңа совет рублін енгізу еді, бұл әлі де күмәнді болып тұр. Бірақ банкноттардың бір ғана түрі болған жоқ, және осы прототиптердің кейбірі әртүрлі жерлерде табылған. Алайда, олардың нақтылығы күмәнді, тіпті осы серияның ең танымал банкноты (20 рубль, М.Н. Кутузовті бейнелейтін) да даулы болды, себебі ол кәсіби банкноттар коллекционерінің альбомынан кездейсоқ табылды. Жоба тоқтатылды, өйткені «Ресейдің Орталық банкі» деген атау және басқа беттер көптеген наразылық тудырды. Ол «Советтік» емес, «Ресейлік» ретінде таныстырылды, Лениннің суретін пайдаланбады және 1991 жылғы жаңа серия айналасында мүлдем жаңа концепция құруға тырысты.
The whole concept was to adopt a new Soviet ruble under the "Central Bank of Russia" which is still questioned. Although, there aren't only one type of banknotes and some of these prototype notes were discovered in different places, even though its authenticity is still questioned as of one of the most outstanding banknotes of this (20, representing M. N Kutuzov) series also becoming one of the most controversial ones because it was found in a professional banknote collector's album, as it was randomly discovered. The whole project was canceled because the name "Central Bank of Russia" and the different faces caused a lot of outrage as it was promoted as "Russian" and not Soviet, and was not promoting Lenin's head and tried to build up a totally whole new concept around the new 1991 series.
Жетіінші кеңес рублі, 1991-1993
1991 жылғы ақша реформасын Михаил Горбачев жүзеге асырды және ол Павлов реформасы деп те белгілі болды. Бұл КСРО-дағы соңғы осындай реформа болды және 1991 жылдың 22 қаңтарында басталды. Оның авторы – Қаржы министрі Валентин Павлов, ол сонымен қатар КСРО-ның соңғы премьер-министрі де болды. Реформаның егжей-тегжейіне 1961 жылғы 50 және 100 рубльдік ескі банкноттарды жаңа 1991 жылғы банкноттарға алмастырудың қысқа мерзімі кірді – 23-25 қаңтарда (сәрсенбіден жұмаға дейін) үш күн бойы, әр адамға 1000 рубльден аспайтын лимитпен, ал қалған банкноттарды арнаулы комиссиялар арқылы 1991 жылдың наурыз айының соңына дейін алмастыру мүмкіндігі болды. Қараңыз: "КСРО-дағы ақша реформасы, 1991 жыл".
The Monetary Reform of 1991 was carried out by Mikhail Gorbachev and was known also as the Pavlov Reform. It was the last of such in the Soviet Union and began on January 22, 1991. Its architect was Minister of Finance Valentin Pavlov, who also became the last prime minister of the Soviet Union. The details included a brief period to exchange old 1961 dated Rbls 50. and Rbls 100 notes for new 1991 notes — for three days from 23 to 25 January (Wednesday to Friday) and with a specific limit of no more than Rbls 1,000 per person—the ability to exchange other notes considered in the special commissions to the end of March 1991. See Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991.
Монеталар
1991 жылдың соңында КСРО Мемлекеттік банкінің тікелей міндеттемелері ретінде 10 копе және 50 копе, 1 рубль, 5 рубль және 10 рубль номиналындағы жаңа монеталар шығарылды. 10 копелік монета мырышталған болаттан, 50 копелік монета, 1 және 5 рубльдік монеталар мыс-никель қоспасынан соғылды. 10 рубльдік монета екі металлдан жасалған, ортасы алюминийлі қоладан, ал сыртқы сақинасы мыс-никель-мырыш қоспасынан жасалған. Монеталардың беткі жағында Кеңес мемлекеттік эмблемасының орнына Кремльдің суреті бейнеленген. Дегенмен, бұл монеталар сериясының қызмет мерзімі өте қысқа болды, себебі Кеңес Одағы оны шығарғаннан кейін бірнеше ай өткен соң таратылды. Бірақ, бұл монеталар Одақ тарағаннан кейін де Ресей және әсіресе Тәжікстан сияқты бұрынғы кеңестік республикаларда бір қысқа мерзімге қажеттілік тудырып қолданылып келді.
In late 1991, a new coinage was issued as direct obligations of the USSR State Bank in denominations of 10 kop and 50 kop, and Rbl 1, Rbls 5, and Rbls 10. The 10 kop coin was struck in brass plated steel, the 50 kop coin, and Rbl 1 and Rbls 5 coins were in cupro nickel. The Rbls 10 coin was bimetallic with an aluminium bronze centre and a cupro nickel zinc ring. The series depicts an image of the Kremlin on the obverse rather than the Soviet state emblem. However, this coin series was extremely short lived as the Soviet Union ceased to exist only months after its release. It did, however, continue to be used in several former Soviet republics including Russia and particularly Tajikistan for a short time after the union had ceased to exist out of necessity.
Экономикалық рөлі
Кеңес Одағы жоспарлы экономика жүргізді, онда үкімет бағалар мен валюта айырбасын бақылады. Осылайша, совет рублі нарықтық экономикадағы валюта сияқты жұмыс істемеді, себебі тауарлардың таралуын бақылайтын валютадан өзге механизмдер, мысалы, орталықтан жоспарланған квоталар қолданылды. Нәтижесінде рубльдің нағыз валютаның құндылығы болмады; керісінше, ол жүк тасымалы жүйесінде шығарылған құжатқа көбірек ұқсады. Кеңес азаматтары мемлекеттік дүкендерден тауарлар жиынтығын рубльмен еркін сатып ала алатын болды, бірақ таңдау шектеулі еді және бағалар әрқашан саяси шешімдер болып, өндіріс құнымен тікелей байланысы болмады. Нан мен қоғамдық көлікке үлкен субсидиялар берілді, бірақ жалақы төмен еді және өндірілген тұтыну тауарларының жетіспеушілігі байқалды, бұл жасырын салықтарды енгізуге әкелді. Мемлекеттік жинақ банкінде үлкен сомада рубль сақтау кең таралған, себебі кредит алу мүмкін болмады. Есептеулерде қолданылатын арнайы рубльдер қолма-қол ақшаға айырбасталмайтын және рубльге шартты түрде бекітілген басқа валюта бірліктері болатын. Валюта еркін айырбасталмайтын және оны экспорттау заңсыз еді. Екіжақты саудада жеке, айырбастауға жарамсыз "клирингтік рубль" кредиті қолданылды. Қатты валютамен алынған тауарларды сатып алу үшін жеке дүкендер (Березовка) ашылды. Дегенмен, кеңес азаматтары шетел валютасын заңды түрде иелене алмайтын. Сондықтан, егер олар шетел валютасында заңды түрде төлем алса, үкімет белгілеген бағам бойынша оны Внешпосылторг чектеріне айырбастауға міндетті болды. Бұл чектерді Березовка дүкендерінде жұмсауға болады. Советтік "валюта емес" түрінен нарықтық валютаға күрт өзгеру 1991 жылғы желтоқсанда Кеңес Одағы тарағаннан кейін туындаған экономикалық қиындықтарға себеп болды.
The Soviet Union ran a planned economy, where the government controlled prices and the exchange of currency. Thus the Soviet ruble did not function like a currency in a market economy, because mechanisms other than currency, such as centrally planned quotas, controlled the distribution of goods. Consequently, the ruble did not have the utility of a true currency; instead, it more resembled the scrip issued in a truck system. Soviet citizens could freely purchase a set of goods from state shops with rubles, but choice was limited and prices were always political decisions, having no direct connection to manufacturing cost. Bread and public transport were heavily subsidised, but wages were low and there were shortages of manufactured consumer goods, implementing hidden taxes. It was common to hold large savings in rubles in the state savings bank because credit was not available. Special rubles used in accounting were not exchangeable to cash, and were effectively different currency units pegged to the ruble. The currency was not freely exchangeable and its export was illegal. In bilateral trade, a separate, non convertible "clearing ruble" credit was used. There were separate shops (Beriozka) for purchasing goods obtained with hard currencies. However, Soviet citizens could not legally own foreign currency. Thus, if they legally received payment in foreign currency, they were forced to convert it to Vneshposyltorg cheques at a rate set by the government. These cheques could be spent at a Beriozka. The sudden transformation from a Soviet "non currency" into a market currency contributed to the economic hardship following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.
Бұрынғы КСРО республикаларындағы алмастыру валюталары
1991 жылы КСРО құлағаннан кейін, жаңа тәуелсіз мемлекеттерде ұлттық валюталар енгізілді. Көптеген жаңа экономикалар әлсіз болғандықтан, көптеген валюталар енгізілгеннен бері маңызды реформалардан өтті. КСРО кезеңінен кейінгі экономикалық өтудің бастапқы кезеңінде, қарапайым халық және ақша-кредит институттары (Халықаралық валюта қоры сияқты) бұрынғы КСРО елдерінің барлығы үшін немесе кем дегенде бір бөлігі үшін ортақ валютаны сақтау мүмкін деп кеңінен сенді. Бұрынғы кеңестік республикалар арасындағы берік сауда қатынастарын сақтау ең маңызды мақсат деп есептелді. 1992 жылдың бірінші жартысында 15 тәуелсіз мемлекеттен тұратын валюталық одақ рубльді пайдаланды. Жағдай ұзаққа соқпайтыны анық болғандықтан, олардың әрқайсысы «тегін пайдаланушы» ретінде несие түрінде үлкен сомада ақша шығаруға өз мүмкіндіктерін пайдаланды (өйткені банкноттар мен монеталарды басып шығару монополиясы Ресейде болды). Нәтижесінде, кейбір елдер өз нарықтарын басқа мемлекеттерден келген сатып алушылардан «қорғау» үшін купондар шығарды. Бұл бұрынғы құнды валютаның үлкен инфляциясына әкеп соқты. Ресейдің орталық банкі 1992 жылдың шілдесінде Ресей мен басқа мемлекеттер арасындағы несие ағынына шектеулер енгізді. «Рубль аймағының» толық құлауы 1993 жылдың шілдесінің соңында Ресейдің Орталық банкінің Ресей аумағында банкноттарды айырбастауымен басталды. Осының салдарынан, рубль аймағында қалған басқа елдер (Қазақстан, Өзбекстан, Түркіменстан, Молдова, Армения және Грузия) «айдалып шығарылды». 1993 жылдың қарашасына дейін барлық жаңа тәуелсіз мемлекеттер өз валюталарын енгізді, соғыс қиралы Тажикстанды (1995 жылдың мамырында) және мойындалмаған Приднестровье (1994) ерекше жағдайларда қалдырды. Бұрынғы Кеңес Республикаларындағы жойқын инфляцияға байланысты, көптеген валюталар кем дегенде бір рет қайта бағаланды, Армения драмасы, Эстония кроны, Қазақ теңгесі және Қырғыз сомы ерекше жағдайларда қалды. Жаңа тәуелсіз мемлекеттерде жаңа валюталарды енгізу туралы толық мәліметтер төменде келтірілген.
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Посткеңестік елдер Алғашқы ұлттық валюта (жаңа кодымен) «Кеңес рублінен» (КСР) ауысу курсы Жаңа валюта енгізілген күні «Рубль аймағынан» шығу күні Болашақта қайта бағалау немесе валюта алмасу күні, жаңа алмастырылған валюта және бағамы
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Армения Армения драмасы (AMD) 200 КСР = 1 AMD 22 қараша 1993 қараша 1993
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Әзірбайжан Екінші Әзірбайжан манаты (AZM) 10 КСР = 1 AZM 15 тамыз 1992 тамыз 1993 1 қаңтар 2006: Үшінші Әзірбайжан манаты (AZN) 5,000 AZM = 1 AZN
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Беларусь Беларусь рублі (BYB) 10 КСР = 1 BYB 25 мамыр 1992 26 шілде 1993 2000: Екінші Беларусь рублі (BYR) 1,000 BYB = 1 BYR 2016: Үшінші Беларусь рублі (BYN) 10,000 BYR = 1 BYN
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Эстония Эстония кроны (EEK) 10 КСР = 1 EEK 20 маусым 1992 22 маусым 1992 1 қаңтар 2011: Еуро (EUR) 15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Грузия Грузия купоны (GEK) 1 КСР = 1 GEK 8 сәуір 1993 20 тамыз 1993 20 қазан 1995: Грузия лариі (GEL) 1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Қазақстан Қазақ теңгесі (KZT) 500 КСР = 1 KZT 15 қараша 1993 қараша 1993
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Қырғызстан Қырғыз сомы (KGS) 200 КСР = 1 KGS 10 мамыр 1993 15 мамыр 1993
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Латвия Латвия рублі (LVR) 1 КСР = 1 LVR 7 мамыр 1992 20 шілде 1992 5 наурыз 1993: Латвия латы (LVL) 200 LVR = 1 LVL 1 қаңтар 2014: Еуро (EUR) 0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Литва Литва талоны (LTT) 10 КСР = 1 LTT 1 мамыр 1992 1 қазан 1992 26 маусым 1993: Литва литы (LTL) 100 LTT = 1 LTL 1 қаңтар 2015: Еуро (EUR) 3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Молдова Молдова купоны (MDC) 1 КСР = 1 MDC 10 маусым 1992 шілде 1993 29 қараша 1993: Молдова леуі (MDL) 1,000 MDC = 1 MDL
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Ресей Бірінші Ресей рублі (RUR) 1 КСР = 1 RUR 14 шілде 1992 тамыз 1993 1 қаңтар 1998: Екінші Ресей рублі (RUB) 1,000 RUR = 1 RUB
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Тажикстан Тажик рублі (TJR) 100 КСР = 1 TJR 10 мамыр 1995 қаңтар 1994 30 қазан 2000: Тажик сомониі (TJS) 1,000 TJR = 1 TJS
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Түркіменстан Бірінші Түркімен манаты (TMM) 500 КСР = 1 TMM 1 қараша 1993 қараша 1993 1 қаңтар 2009: Екінші Түркімен манаты (TMT) 5,000 TMM = 1 TMT
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Украина Купон карбованец (UAK) 1 КСР = 1 UAK 12 қаңтар 1992 қараша 1992 2 қыркүйек 1996: Украина гривнасы (UAH) 100,000 UAK = 1 UAH
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Өзбекстан Өзбек сомы купоны (UZC) 1 КСР = 1 UZC 15 қараша 1993 15 қараша 1993 1 шілде 1994: Өзбек сомы (UZS) 1,000 UZC = 1 UZS
Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. Most of the new economies were weak and hence most of the currencies have undergone significant reforms since their introduction. In the very beginning of the post Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them used their positions as "free riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit (since Russia held the monopoly on printing banknotes and coins). As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. This also started to cause massive inflation in the formerly high valued currency. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". By November 1993 all newly independent states had introduced their own currencies, with the exception of war torn Tajikistan (May 1995) and unrecognized Transnistria (1994). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. Post SovietCountry First national currency (with new code)replacing the "Soviet ruble" (SUR) Conversion ratefrom SUR Date introduction for new currency Date leavingthe "ruble zone" Future revaluation or currency replacementdate, new replaced currencyand rate Armenia Armenian dram(AMD) 200 SUR= 1 AMD 22 November 1993 November 1993 Azerbaijan Second Azerbaijani manat(AZM) 10 SUR= 1 AZM 15 August 1992 August 1993 1 January 2006:Third Azerbaijani manat (AZN)5,000 AZM = 1 AZN Belarus Belarusian ruble(BYB) 10 SUR= 1 BYB 25 May 1992 26 July 1993 2000:Second Belarusian ruble(BYR)1,000 BYB = 1 BYR2016:Third Belarusian ruble (BYN)10,000 BYR = 1 BYN Estonia Estonian kroon(EEK) 10 SUR= 1 EEK 20 June 1992 22 June 1992 1 January 2011:Euro (EUR)15.6466 EEK = 1 EUR Georgia Georgian kuponi(GEK) 1 SUR= 1 GEK 8 April 1993 20 August 1993 20 October 1995:Georgian lari (GEL)1,000,000 GEK = 1 GEL Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge(KZT) 500 SUR= 1 KZT 15 November 1993 November 1993 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz som(KGS) 200 SUR= 1 KGS 10 May 1993 15 May 1993 Latvia Latvian ruble(LVR) 1 SUR= 1 LVR 7 May 1992 20 July 1992 5 March 1993:Latvian lats (LVL)200 LVR = 1 LVL1 January 2014:Euro (EUR)0.702804 LVL = 1 EUR Lithuania Lithuanian talonas(LTT) 10 SUR= 1 LTT 1 May 1992 1 October 1992 26 June 1993:Lithuanian litas (LTL)100 LTT = 1 LTL1 January 2015:Euro (EUR)3.4528 LTL = 1 EUR Moldova Moldovan cupon(MDC) 1 SUR= 1 MDC 10 June 1992 July 1993 29 November 1993:Moldovan leu (MDL)1,000 MDC = 1 MDL Russia First Russian ruble(RUR) 1 SUR= 1 RUR 14 July 1992 August 1993 1 January 1998:Second Russian ruble (RUB)1,000 RUR = 1 RUB Tajikistan Tajik ruble(TJR) 100 SUR= 1 TJR 10 May 1995 January 1994 30 October 2000:Tajikistani somoni (TJS)1,000 TJR = 1 TJS Turkmenistan First Turkmenistani manat(TMM) 500 SUR= 1 TMM 1 November 1993 November 1993 1 January 2009:Second Turkmenistani manat (TMT)5,000 TMM = 1 TMT Ukraine Kupono karbovanets(UAK) 1 SUR= 1 UAK 12 January 1992 November 1992 2 September 1996:Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)100,000 UAK = 1 UAH Uzbekistan Uzbek sum kupon(UZC) 1 SUR= 1 UZC 15 November 1993 15 November 1993 1 July 1994:Uzbekistani sum (UZS)1,000 UZC = 1 UZS