Алан Дандес: Америкалық фольклоршының өмірі мен еңбектері

American folklorist (1934–2005)

Alan Dundes (September 8, 1934 – March 30, 2005) was an American folklorist. He spent much of his career as a professional academic at the University of California, Berkeley and published his ideas in a wide range of books and articles. He has been hailed as "the most renowned Folklorist of his time".

Dundes attended Yale University, where he studied English. He has been described as "widely credited with helping to shape modern folklore scholarship", He wrote 12 books, both academic and popular, and edited or co wrote two dozen more and is credited with authoring over 250 articles. Dundes also taught undergraduate courses in American folklore, and psychoanalytic approaches to folklore (his favorite approach) in addition to graduate seminars on the history of folkloristics, from an international perspective, and the history and progression of folklore theory. Dundes frequently gave the opening address for the New Student Orientation Program at UC Berkeley (CalSO) during summer orientation programs, including jokes and stories.

Strongly opinionated, Dundes was not at all averse to the controversy that his theories often generated. He dealt frequently with folklore as an expression of unconscious desires and anxieties and was of the opinion that if people reacted strongly to what he had to say, he had probably hit a nerve and was probably on to something. Some of his more controversial work involved examining the New Testament and the Qur'an as folklore. However, of all his articles, the one that earned him death threats was "Into the Endzone for a Touchdown", an exploration via psychoanalysis of what he contended was the homoerotic subtext inherent in the terminology and rituals surrounding American football. In 1980, Dundes was invited to give the presidential address at the American Folklore Society annual meeting. His presentation, later published as a monograph titled Life is Like a Chicken Coop Ladder, uses folkspeech, customs, material culture, and so forth seeking to demonstrate an anal erotic fixation in German national character. When he finally participated again, in 2004, he again gave a plenary address, this time taking his fellow folklorists to task for being weak on theory. In his opinion, the presentation of data, no matter how thorough, is useless without the development and application of theory to that data. It is not enough to simply collect; one must do something with what one has collected. In 2012, linguist Anatol Stefanowitsch credited Dundes with having given rise to a still prevalent "stereotype about Germany as a culture enamored with excretion", but called Life is Like a Chicken Coop Ladder, "unstructured, poorly argued and flimsily sourced" and "methodologically flawed because he only looked for evidence supporting his theory, and not – as even a folklorist should – for evidence against his theory".

Dundes fiercely defended the importance of the discipline of folkloristics throughout his career. Towards the end of his life, he received an envelope containing a check from a former student, which he asked his wife to open. She read the figure out as $1,000. In fact, the check was for $1,000,000. This money allowed Dundes to endow the university with a Distinguished Professorship in Folkloristics, thereby ensuring that upon his retirement folklore would not be abandoned in the department. The former student and benefactor wished to remain anonymous. Apparently he or she called the university prior to the donation to find out if Dundes was still teaching, or as Dundes told it, "to see if I was still alive." The student mentioned that he or she intended to send a check, but Dundes said he was not sure the student would follow through. The check was made out to the university, Dundes said, but with instructions that he could use it in any manner he saw fit. "I could just take all my students to Fiji and have one hell of a party," he said. The professor instead decided to invest it in the study of folklore. The money funds a Distinguished Professorship of Folkloristics and helps fund the university's folklore archives and provides grants for folklore students.

Shortly before his death, Dundes was interviewed by filmmaker Brian Flemming for his documentary, The God Who Wasn't There. He prominently recounted Lord Raglan's 22 point scale from his 1936 book The Hero, in which he ranks figures possessing similar divine attributions. An extended interview is on the DVD version of the documentary.

Before the term folkloristics can be fully understood, it is necessary to understand that the terms folk and lore are defined in many different ways. While some use the word folk to mean only peasants or remote cultures, Alan Dundes of the University of California at Berkeley calls this definition a "misguided and narrow concept of the folk as the illiterate in a literate society" (Devolutionary Premise, 13). Dundes is often credited with the promotion of folkloristics as a term denoting a specific field of academic study and applies instead what he calls a "modern" flexible social definition for folk: two or more persons who have any trait in common and express their shared identity through traditions. Dundes explains this point best in his essay, The Devolutionary Premise in Folklore Theory (1969):

"A folk or peasant society is but one example of a 'folk' in the folkloristic sense. Any group of people sharing a common linking factor, e. g., an urban group such as a labor union, can and does have folklore. 'Folk' is a flexible concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family. The critical issue in defining 'folk' is: what groups in fact have traditions?" (emphasis in the original, see footnote 34, 13)

With this expanded social definition of folk, a wider view of the material considered to be folklore also emerged that includes, as William Wilson points out, "things people make with words (verbal lore), things they make with their hands (material lore), and things they make with their actions (customary lore)" (2006, 85). Another implication of this broader defining of the term folk, according to Dundes, is that folkloristic work is interpretative and scientific rather than descriptive or devoted solely to folklore preservation. In the 1978 collection of his academic work, Essays in Folkloristics, Dundes declares in his preface, "Folkloristics is the scientific study of folklore just as linguistics is the scientific study of language. [. .] It implies a rigorous intellectual discipline with some attempt to apply theory and method to the materials of folklore" (vii). In other words, Dundes advocates the use of folkloristics as the preferred term for the academic discipline devoted to the study of folklore. According to Dundes, folkloristic work will probably continue to be important in the future. Dundes writes, "folklore is a universal: there has always been folklore and in all likelihood there will always be folklore. As long as humans interact and in the course of so doing employ traditional forms of communication, folklorists will continue to have golden opportunities to study folklore" (Devolutionary Premise, 19). According to folklorist William A. Wilson, "the study of folklore, therefore, is not just a pleasant pastime useful primarily for whiling away idle moments. Rather, it is centrally and crucially important in our attempts to understand our own behavior and that of our fellow human beings" (2006, 203).

In 1966 Dundes was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and in 1972 was named a senior fellow of the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 1980 Dundes served as president of the American Folklore Society and in 1993 he was awarded the Pitrè Prize, an international lifetime achievement award in folklore. He met his wife Carolyn while attending Yale University. They were married for 48 years, and had a son (David) two daughters (Lauren and Alison) and six grandchildren." On March 30, 2005, Dundes collapsed from an apparent heart attack while giving a graduate seminar at Berkeley, and died on the way to the hospital. He was 70.

Carl R. Pagter (Co author). Never Try to Teach a Pig to Sing. (1964). "The Morphology of North American Indian Folktales". (Ed.) (1965). The Study of Folklore. (1968). "The Number Three in American Culture." In Alan Dundes (ed. ), Every Man His Way: Readings in Cultural Anthropology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. (1969). "Thinking Ahead: A Folkloristic Reflection of the Future Orientation in American Worldview". (1971). "A Study of Ethnic Slurs". (1972). "Folk Ideas as Units of Worldview". (1975). "Slurs International: Folk Comparisons of Ethnicity and National Character". (1980). Interpreting Folklore. Indiana University Press. (1984). Life is Like a Chicken Coop Ladder: A Portrait of German Culture Through Folklore. (Ed.) (1984). Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth. University of California Press. Alessandro Falassi|Falassi, Alessandro (Co author) (1984). La terra in Piazza: An interpretation of the Palio in Siena. University of California Press. (with C. Banc) (1986) "First Prize: Fifteen Years. An Annotated Collection of Political Jokes"
(1987). Cracking Jokes: Studies of Sick Humor Cycles & Stereotypes. Ten Speed Press. Carl R. Pagter (Co author) (1987). When You're Up to Your Ass in Alligators : More Urban Folklore from the Paperwork Empire. Wayne State University Press. (Ed.) (1989). Little Red Riding Hood: A Casebook. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. (Ed.) (1990). In Quest of the Hero. Princeton University Press. (Ed.) (1991). Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel: Readings in the Interpretation of Afro American Folklore. University Press of Mississippi. (1991) The Blood Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti Semitic Folklore. University of Wisconsin Press
(Ed.) (1992). The Evil Eye: A Casebook. University of Wisconsin Press. Carl R. Pagter (Co author). (1992) Work Hard and You Shall Be Rewarded: Urban Folklore From the Paperwork Empire. (1993). Folklore Matters. University of Tennessee Press. (Ed.) (1994). The Cockfight: A Casebook. University of Wisconsin Press. Edmunds, Lowell (Co editor.) (1995). Oedipus: A Folklore Casebook. University of Wisconsin Press. Carl R. Pagter(Co Author) (1996). Sometimes the Dragon Wins: Yet More Urban Folklore from the Paperwork Empire. Syracuse University Press. (Ed.) (1996). The Walled Up Wife: A Casebook. University of Wisconsin Press. (1997). From Game to War and Other Psychoanalytic Essays on Folklore. University of Kentucky Press. (1997). Two Tales of Crow and Sparrow: A Freudian Folkloristic Essay on Caste and Untouchability. Rowman & Littlefield. (Ed.) (1998). The Vampire: A Casebook. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. Carl R. Pagter (Co author) (2000). Why Don't Sheep Shrink When It Rains? : A Further Collection of Photocopier Folklore. Syracuse University Press. (1999). Holy Writ as Oral Lit: The Bible as Folklore. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
(2002). Bloody Mary in the Mirror: Essays in Psychoanalytic Folkloristics. University Press of Mississippi. (2003). The Shabbat Elevator and Other Sabbath Subterfuges. Rowman & Littlefield. (2003). Fables of the Ancients? : Folklore in the Qur'an. Rowman & Littlefield. (2003). Parsing Through Customs: Essays by a Freudian Folklorist. The University of Wisconsin Press. (2004). "As the Crow Flies: A Straightforward Study of Lineal Worldview in American Folk Speech". (Ed.) (2005). Recollecting Freud. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.