Британдық бу локомотивтері: «Black Five» моделінің тарихы

British class of steam locomotives

The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 5 4 6 0, commonly known as the Black Five, is a class of steam locomotives. It was introduced by William Stanier and built between 1934 and 1951. A total of 842 were built initially numbered 4658 5499 then renumbered 44658 45499 by BR. Several members of the class survived to the last day of steam on British Railways in 1968, and eighteen are preserved.

The Black Five was a mixed traffic locomotive, a "do anything go anywhere" type, designed by Stanier, who had previously been with the GWR. In his early LMS days, he designed his Stanier Mogul , experimenting with the GWR school of thought on locomotive design. A number of details in this design he would never use again, realising the superiority of details not used on the GWR. Stanier realised that there was a need for larger locomotives. These were to be the LMS version of the GWR Halls, but they were not copies, as the Hall was too wide to run in most places in Britain. They shared a similar cylinder arrangement (two outside), internal boiler design and size and 6 foot driving wheel diameters. In their early days the locomotives were known as the "Black Staniers" from their black livery, in contrast to Stanier's other class of 4 6 0, the LMS Jubilee Class, which were painted crimson (and known until April 1935 as the "Red Staniers"). Later on, the nickname of the former became "Black Five", the number referring to the power classification. This was originally 5P5F, but from 1940 was shown on cabsides as the simple figure 5. Eight hundred and forty two were constructed. The locomotives were an instant success and were well liked by their crews for their versatility. One of them was recorded to have reached a speed of 96 mph in service.

There were a number of detail variations in the locomotives and they did not all remain in the same condition as built. Some locomotives built under British Railways administration were used as test beds for various design modifications, with a view to incorporating the successful modifications in the Standard Classes of locomotives built from 1951 onwards. These modifications included outside Caprotti valve gear, roller bearings (both Timken and Skefco types) on the coupled and tender axles in varying combinations, and an experimental steel firebox. Other locomotives had modified draughting to "self clean" the smokebox (thereby reducing turn around and disposal times and eliminating or mitigating one of the most unpopular jobs).

A further 227 were ordered from Armstrong Whitworth in 1936, the largest single locomotive order ever given by a British railway to an outside contractor. Crewe built a further 20, which had higher degree superheat boilers, with 28 elements, unlike the AW boilers, which had 24 elements. 5471, built at Crewe in 1938, would be the last built for five years. During the early stages of the Second World War, the priority was for heavy freight engines, and the closely related 8Fs were produced in large numbers.

In 1943 construction was restarted, with Derby Works building its first. Construction continued up to no. 5499. As the numbering block from 5500 was allocated to the Patriot Class, a further batch of 200 locomotives were numbered from 4800 to 4999, followed by a batch from 4658 to 4799. By this time the LMS had been nationalised, and British Railways added 40000 to all numbers. Eventually the 842 examples would number 44658–45499.

From early 1947, engines were built with the top feed on the front ring of the boiler (from no. 4998), and Nos 44758 767 had a longer wheelbase (27 ft 6in rather than 27 ft 2in, with the change in the coupled wheelbase from 7 ft + 8 ft to 7 ft + 8 ft 3in); this was necessary in order to accommodate the Timken roller bearing housings without fouling the ashpan. In 1948, George Ivatt introduced more modifications to bearings and valve gear; other experimental Ivatt features included the use of steel rather than copper fireboxes on certain engines, and the fitting of double blastpipes & chimneys in some instances. 44738 57 were built with Caprotti valve gear. The last two, nos. 44686 and 44687 built at Horwich in 1951, were fitted with a new arrangement of Caprotti valve gear, which was later used on some of the BR standard Class fives, and the BR class 8 4 6 2. No. 4767, built at Crewe and delivered in December 1947, had outside Stephenson valve gear: instead of eccentrics, double return cranks were used to drive the eccentric rods, and a launch type expansion link was used. This one cost £13,278, which was about £600 more than those built at the same time with Walschaerts' valve gear. The aim of the experiment was to find out if a valve gear having variable lead (as opposed to the constant lead of the Walschaerts' motion) would affect performance. On trial, it proved to have no advantage, although in normal service it did gain a reputation as a good performer on banks.

On 13 October 1939, No. 5025 was hauling an express passenger train from Euston to Stranraer (pilot to locomotive 6130 The West Yorkshire Regiment, an LMS Royal Scot Class 4 6 0) when it was in collision with locomotive LNWR Class G1 0 8 0 9169, which was attaching a van to the rear of an Inverness train at , Buckinghamshire, severely damaging it. Five people were killed and more than 30 were injured. No. 5025 was repaired and survives at the Strathspey Railway. In 1941, locomotive No. 5425 was severely damaged in a Luftwaffe air raid. It was subsequently repaired at Crewe Works. On 1 January 1946, engine No. 5495 was involved in the Lichfield rail crash, in which the freight train it was hauling was derailed at station, Staffordshire due to faulty points. The train collided with a passenger train, which was hauled by LNWR Prince of Wales Class 4 6 0 no. 25802, killing 20 people and injuring 21. On 23 January 1955, locomotive No. 45274 was hauling an express passenger train that was derailed due to excessive speed on a curve, in the Sutton Coldfield rail crash. Nineteen people were killed and 64 were injured. On 16 January 1958, a locomotive of the class was hauling a passenger train that collided with a light engine that was standing foul of the line at due to a signalman's error. Both trains were derailed; thirteen people were injured. On 4 February 2006, locomotive 45305 Alderman A. E. Draper collided with a rake of six carriages at , damaging the locomotive and one of the carriages. Two people were injured. An investigation by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) found that the driver was not wearing spectacles at the time of the accident, despite it being a requirement on his medical certificate to do so when driving. On 2 October 2015, locomotive No. 45231 was working a private charter train for West Coast Railways (WCRC) through Doncaster when it was noticed that its TPWS (Train Protection and Warning System) had been isolated by the footplate crew. Isolation of the TPWS had been a factor in the Wootton Bassett SPAD incident in March of the same year. As a result, WCRC were suspended from operating on the national network by the Office of Rail and Road.

LMS No. BR No. Lot No. DateBuilt atBoiler typeValve gear (Walschaerts unless stated)Bearings (plain unless stated)Additional notes 44658–67 199 1949 Crewe Forward topfeed Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44668/9 199 1949 Horwich Forward topfeed Skefco roller bearings on driving axles Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44670–7 199 1950 Horwich Forward topfeed Skefco roller bearings on driving axles Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44678–85 199 1950 Horwich Forward topfeed Skefco roller bearings throughout Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44686/7 199 1951 Horwich Forward topfeed British Caprotti Skefco roller bearings throughout Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44688–97 199 1950 Horwich Forward topfeed Timken roller bearings on driving axles Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44698–717 192 1948 Horwich Forward topfeed Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44718–27 192 1948 Crewe Forward topfeed Steel firebox, Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44728–37 192 1948 Crewe Forward topfeed Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44738–47 187 1948 Crewe Forward topfeed Caprotti Timken roller bearings throughout Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 4748–53 44748–53 187 1948 Crewe Forward topfeed Caprotti Timken roller bearings throughout Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44754–5 187 1948 Crewe Forward topfeed Caprotti Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 44756–7 187 1948 Crewe Forward topfeed Caprotti double chimney, Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 4758–66 44758–66 187 1947 Crewe Forward topfeed Timken roller bearings throughout Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 4767 44767 187 1947 Crewe Forward topfeed Stephenson link motion Timken roller bearings throughout double chimney, preserved Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3" 4768–82 44768–82 187 1947 Crewe Forward topfeed 4783–99 44783–99 187 1947 Horwich Forward topfeed 4800–6 44800–6 153 1944 Derby Domed 4807–25 44807–25 170 1944 Derby Domed 4826–60 44826–60 170 1945 Derby Domed 4861–71 44861–71 170 1945 Crewe Domed 4872–920 44872–920 174 1945 Crewe Domed 4921–31 44921–31 174 1945 Crewe Domed 4932–43 44932–43 174 1945 Horwich Domed 4944–66 44944–66 174 1946 Horwich Domed 4967–81 44967–81 174 1946 Crewe Domed 4982–90 44982–90 183 1946 Horwich Domed 4991–6 44991–6 183 1947 Horwich Domed 4997–9 44997–9 187 1947 Horwich Forward topfeed4997 was fitted with boiler 12462 from new which had the top feed on the 2nd ring, the other two had later pattern boilers. 5000–19 45000–19 114 1935 Crewe Domeless 5020–65 45020–65 119 1934 Vulcan Foundry Domeless 5066–9 45066–9 119 1935 Vulcan Foundry Domeless 5070–4 45070–4 122 1935 Crewe Domeless 5075–5124 45075–5124 123 1935 Vulcan Foundry Domeless 5125–5224 45125–5224 124 1935 Armstrong Whitworth Domeless 5225–98 45225–98 131 1936 Armstrong Whitworth Domed 5299–5451 45299–5451 131 1937 Armstrong Whitworth Domed 5452–71 45452–71 142 1938 Crewe Domed 5472–81 45472–81 151 1943 Derby Domed 5482–91 45482–91 152 1944 Derby Domed 5492–9 45492–9 153 1944 Derby Domed

Only five Black Fives received names during their mainline working lives, a small percentage of the total produced, although seven more have been named in preservation (see below). All of those named in mainline service were named after Scottish regiments. Locomotive 5155 carried the name The Queen's Edinburgh for only two years during the Second World War. Some sources have noted that no photographic confirmation of this naming is extant, although this is neither unique to the class, nor unexpected given restrictions on photography during wartime. The evidence for the naming of the locomotive is set out in full in various sources. + Stanier Class 5 4 6 0 namesLMS No. BR No. NameDate namedName removed515445154Lanarkshire Yeomanry19371966 (withdrawal from service)515545155The Queen's Edinburgh19421944 (remained in service until 1964)515645156Ayrshire Yeomanry19361968 (withdrawal from service)515745157The Glasgow Highlander19361962 (withdrawal from service)515845158Glasgow Yeomanry19361964 (withdrawal from service)

The class remained intact until 1961 when 45401 was the first Black Five to be withdrawn from stock following a collision at Warrington, although the boiler was re used and actually lasted to the end of steam on BR. The remainder of the class were withdrawn between 1962 and 1968. Some members of the class, 46 in total, survived to the last day of steam on BR in August 1968. No. 45318, a Lostock Hall based engine, hauled the last scheduled train on 3 August 1968; a Preston to Liverpool exchange. The locomotive was withdrawn a few days later and then scrapped the following year at Drapers. + Table of withdrawals Year Quantity inservice atstart of year Quantitywithdrawn Locomotive numbersNotes 1961 842 1 45401. 1962 841 21 45030/36/85–86/98,45119/25/51–52/57/59/65/69/74/79,45265–66,45355,45452–53/58. 1963 820 29 44706/40/44/47/50/55,44885,44969,45010/22–23/49/87/99,45100/23/66/75/89/99,45244/51,45315/17/20/58/67,45457/85. 1964 791 67 44660/76,44701/19/38/42/45–46/48–49/51–52/54/56/83–85/89/93,44801/49,44922–23/57/61/67–68/76/94/96,45007–08/32/35/66/88,45103/21–22/36/44/53/55/58/70/72–73/83,45356/61/66/84,45400/13/56/59/62/65/68/70/76/79. 1965 724 97 44673/86,44702/16/21/39/41/53/57/63–64/69/87/99,44823/27,44901/04/21/24/31/39/55/59/70/73/79–80,45002/09/11/20/26/37/68/74/77–78/80/84/92/94,45102/08/13/17/42–43/46/48/63/71/78/80/84/92/94,45229–30/37/45/57/72/86/91/93,45300–01/06/13–14/27/34–35/37/51/54/60/62/78–80/87/89/98,45414/16/29/39/43/60/71/86/91/98.44901, 45163, 45293, 45337/79, 45491 preserved 1966 627 171 44668/70/87–88/92/98,44700/03–05/07/10/12/14/18/20/23–24/26/29/31/43/60/62/79/82/86/88/91/97–98,44808/10–11/13/20/39/41/47/50/69/80–81,44908/19/25/35/41/45/51–54/56/60/66/72/74/77/84/87/92/95/99,45004/12/16/18/29/33/44–45/47/51/53/58/63/82/84/91/97,45105/12/15/18/27–29/37–38/40/54/60–62/64/68/76–77/81–82/85/95,45205/07/10/13–14/16–18/20/23–24/33/35/38/48–49/52/89,45309/11/22/25/29/32–33/38/44/48/57/64–65/70/72/85/93/96/99,45403/08/10/18–19/22/27/30/32–34/38/42/51/61/63–64/67/69/72–75/77–78/80/83/88–90/92. 1967 456 305 44658–59/61–62/66–67/69/71/74–75/77–82/84–85/89/91/93–97/99,44717/22/25/27/30/32–34/36–37/59/65–68/70–76/78/90/92/94–96,44805/12/14/17/19/21–22/24–26/28/30–35/37/40/43–44/52–54/56–63/65–67/70/72–73/75–76/79/82–83/86–87/92–93/95–96/98,44900/02/05/07/09/11–18/20/27–28/30/33–34/36–38/43–44/46/48/58/62/64/81–83/85–86/88–91/93/97–98,45000/03/06/14–15/19/21/24/28/31/39–43/48/50/52/56–57/59–62/64/67/69–72/75/79–80/83/89/92/94,45106–07/09/11/16/20/24/26/30/32/35/39/41/45/47/67/86/88/91/93/96–98,45204/08/11/15/19/21–22/25–26/28/32/34/36/39–43/46–47/50/56/59/61/63–64/67/70–71/73–78/80–81/83/85/88/92/95/97–99,45302–04/07–08/19/21/23–24/26/28/31/36/39–41/43/46–47/49/52/59/63/68–69/71/73–74/77/83,45402/04–06/09/12/15/17/23/25/28/31/37/40–41/46/48–50/54–55/66/81/94–95.44767, 45000/428 preserved 1968 151 151 44663–65/72/83/90,44708–09/11/13/15/28/35/58/61/77/80–81,44800/02–04/06–07/09/15–16/18/29/36/38/42/45–46/48/51/55/64/68/71/74/77–78/84/88–91/94/97/99,44903/06/10/26/29/32/40/42/47/49–50/63/65/71,45001/05/13/17/25/27/34/38/46/54–55/65/73/76/95–96,45101/04/10/14/31/33–134/49–50/56/87/90,45200–03/06/09/12/27/31/53–55/58/60/62/68–69/79/82/84/87/90/94/96,45305/10/12/16/18/30/42/45/50/53/75–76/81–82/86/88/90–92/94–95/97,45407/11/20–21/24/26/35–36/44–45/47/93.44806/71/932, 45025/110, 45212/31, 45305, 45407 preserved

Eighteen Black Fives have been preserved, with twelve of them being purchased directly from BR for preservation (these being 44767, 44806, 44871, 44932, 45000, 45025, 45110, 45212, 45231, 45305, 45407 & 45428), the remaining six being rescued from Woodham Brothers' Barry Scrapyard (these being 44901, 45163, 45293, 45337, 45379 & 45491). Members of each of the builder's batches have survived into preservation: seven LMS built engines and eleven by outside contractors. Of the eighteen to be preserved, fourteen have operated in preservation, the class members that have not yet run being 44901, 45163, 45293 & 45491. Twelve Black Fives have been operated on the main line in preservation: 44767, 44871, 44932, 45000, 45025, 45110, 45212, 45231, 45305, 45337, 45407 & 45428. As of December 2023 there are eight Black Fives in traffic, six of which have valid main line certificates. 44871, 44932, 45212, 45231 & 45407 have full main line certificates for use over the national network, while 45428 is certified for main line use only between Grosmont and Whitby with occasional visits to Battersby, both 44806 and 45025 are only able to operate on preserved lines. 44767 & 45337 are in the process of undergoing overhauls while four, 44901, 45163, 45293 and 45491, are undergoing restorations from Barry Scrapyard condition. No. 44781 was a candidate for preservation, but was scrapped. In 2019, parts were rediscovered in Bartlow and in the National Railway Museum's collection in York. Note: Some locos may usually have a nameplate but marked names indicate that the loco is not presently wearing them. Loco numbers in bold indicate their current number.

In The Railway Series children's books by the Rev. W. Awdry and its television adaption Thomas and Friends, the character Henry the Green Engine was rebuilt into a Black Five at Crewe Works after his accident with the Flying Kipper.

A Black 5 locomotive appears in the 1938 René Magritte painting Time Transfixed.