Араб әліпбиінің тарихы мен дамуы

none

It is thought that the Arabic alphabet is a derivative of the Nabataean variation of the Aramaic alphabet, which descended from the Phoenician alphabet, which among others also gave rise to the Hebrew alphabet and the Greek alphabet, the latter one being in turn the base for the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.

The Arabic alphabet is first attested in its classical form in the 7th century. See PERF 558 for the first surviving Islamic Arabic writing. The Quran was transcribed in Kufic script at first, which was then developed along with the Meccan and Medini script [ar] scripts, according to Ibn an Nadim in Al Fihrist. In the 7th century, probably in the early years of Islam while writing down the Qur'an, scribes realized that working out which of the ambiguous letters a particular letter was from context was laborious and not always possible, so a proper remedy was required. Writings in the Nabataean and Syriac alphabets already had sporadic examples of dots being used to distinguish letters which had become identical, for example as in the table on the right. By analogy with this, a system of dots was added to the Arabic alphabet to make enough different letters for Classical Arabic's 28 phonemes. Sometimes the resulting new letters were put in alphabetical order after their un dotted originals, and sometimes at the end. [[File:Muhammad Bahrain letter facsimile. png|thumb|Facsimile of a letter sent by Muhammad to Munzir Bin Sawa Al Tamimi in Hijazi script. When new signs were added to the Arabic alphabet, they took the alphabetical order value of the letter which they were an alternative for: tā' marbūta (see also below) took the value of ordinary t, and not of h. In the same way, the many diacritics do not have any value: for example, a doubled consonant indicated by shadda does not count as a letter separate from the single one. Some features of the Arabic alphabet arose because of differences between Qur'anic spelling and the form of Classical Arabic that was phonemically and orthographically standardized later. These include:
tā' marbūta: This arose because, in many dialects, the at ending of feminine nouns (tā' marbūta) was lenited over time and was often pronounced as ah and written as h. This pronunciation eventually became standard, and so to avoid altering Quranic spelling, the dots of t were written over the h.
y (alif maksura ى) used to spell ā at the ends of some words: This arose because ā arising from contraction where single y dropped out between vowels was in some dialects pronounced at the ends of words with the tongue further forward than for other ā vowels, and as a result in the Qu'ran it was written as y.
ā not written as alif in some words: The Arabic spelling of Allāh was decided before the Arabs started using alif to spell ā. In other cases (for example the first ā in hāðā = "this"), it may be that some dialects pronounced those vowels short. hamza: Originally alif was used to spell the glottal stop. But Meccans did not pronounce the glottal stop, replacing it with w, y or nothing, lengthening an adjacent vowel, or, intervocalically, dropping the glottal stop and contracting the vowels. Thus, Arabic grammarians invented the hamza diacritic sign and used it to mark the glottal stop.

thumb|An image of the Taj Mahal featuring marble lettering in the thuluth script, a style attributed to Ibn Muqla (886 940). Arabic script reached a climax in aesthetics and geographic spread under the Abbasid Caliphate.

+Non Standard Arabic Consonant Phonemes/GraphemesLanguage familyAustron. DravidTurkicIndicIranianGermanicLanguage/scriptJawiPegonArwiAzeriOttomanTatarUyghurSindhiPunjabiUrduPersianBalochiPashto*KurdishAfrikaansچ∅ژڤڣپ[[Gaf[[Gafࢴق[[Gafۏوۋو∅ڤڠࢳ∅[[Ng (Arabic)ڱن∅ڠڽۑݧ∅ڃن∅∅ڹ∅ڻݨن∅ڼ∅
When the Arabic alphabet spread to countries which used other languages, extra letters had to be invented to spell non Arabic sounds. Usually the alteration was three dots above like ژ, ڠ and څ or below like چ and پ.
Urdu: retroflex sounds: as the corresponding dentals but with a small letter ط above. (This problem in adapting a Semitic alphabet to write Indian languages also arose long before this: see Brahmi)
This book shows an example of ch (Polish cz) being written as ڛ in an Arabic Polish bilingual Quran for Muslim Tatars living in Poland. There are broadly two standards for Pashto orthography, the Afghan orthography in Afghanistan and the Peshawar orthography in Pakistan where is represented by ګ instead of the Afghani گ.