Кіріспе
Швейцарияның әдебиеттері
As there is no dominant national language, the four main languages of French, Italian, German and Romansch form the four branches which make up a literature of Switzerland. The original Swiss Confederation, from its foundation in 1291 up to 1798, gained only a few French speaking districts in what is now the Canton of Fribourg, and so the German language dominated. During that period the Swiss vernacular literature was in German, although in the 18th century, French became fashionable in Bern and elsewhere. At that time, Geneva and Lausanne were not yet Swiss: Geneva was an ally and Vaud a subject land. Non religious writings in Romansh began appearing in the second half of the 19th century in substantial numbers. The literary output of this period often deals with the language itself and is seen as part of the Romansh revival known as the "Romansh Renaissance". Most literature of the period consists of poetry and short stories praising the Romansh language and usually dealing with topics related to the rural background of the Romansh valleys. Another common theme is the emigration of the so called "Randulins", who would spend much of their lives working abroad. In addition, many works were translated into Romansh, generally German writers that were popular at the time. Well known Sursilvan poets of the time include Théodore de Castelberg (1748–1818), Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833) or Gion Antoni Huonder (1824–1867). The best known Sursilvan poet is Giachen Caspar Muoth (1844–1906) however, who is often considered the most well versed Romansh poet of all. His poets and ballads often deal with Romansh itself, such as his most famous work Al pievel romontsch ("To the Romansh people"):
Other Sursilvan writers of the Romansh Renaissance include Caspar Decurtins (1855–1916), who collected among other things popular legends, ballads, and songs, as well as Giachen Michel Nay (1860–1920), who described rural life in several novels, Alfons Tuor (1871–1904), and Gian Fontana (1897–1935), who are also known for their novels. In addition, the priest Maurus Carnot (1865–1935) who had grown up in Samnaun but did not write in the Romansh dialect of his hometown, learned Sursilvan in Disentis, and later used it for plays, lyric, and short stories dealing with rural life. Finally, Flurin Camathias is the author of several Sursilvan plays, poems, and epics, in addition to having translated numerous works into Romansh. Literary works in Surmiran are comparatively rare, with Alexander Lozza from Murmarera being the most notable one. In the Engadine, the first modern poets include Gian Battista Tschander and Conradin de Flug (1787–1874). Writers of the Romanticism era include Siméon Caratsch (1826–1891) and Gian Fadri Caderas (1830–1891), who co authored some works such as the comedy Ils duos poets. Other well known poets and songwriters of the period include Andrea Bezzola (1840–1897), author of the song Ma bella Val, mi' Engiadina, or Gudench Barblan (1860–1916), author of the song A la lingua materna
Another important Engadine figure of the period is Zaccaria Pallioppi (1820–1873). While he also wrote poems of his own, his main work is the first Ladin dictionary, published by his son in 1895. One of the first female writers is Clementina Gilli (1858–1942), who translated several major works of European literature and published a few original works as well, using the pseudonym Clio. Other Engadine writers of the Romansh Renaissance include Schimun Vonmoos (1868–1940), who wrote poets and short tales in addition to translating, Gian Gianett Cloetta (1874–1965) or Eduard Bezzola (1875–1948), who wrote dramas, comedies, and songs or translated them. The best known Engadine poet is Peider Lansel (1863–1943) however, who retired at an early age in 1906 and dedicated himself to poetry, becoming one of the first Romansh writers to gain fame outside of his region. His work includes over 200 poems, which were published in several collections in 1907 (Primulas), 1912 (La cullana d'ambras) and 1929 in his principal work Il vegl chalamêr. In addition, his work includes several anthologies of Romansh poets, such as La musa ladina (1910) and La musa rumantscha (posthumous 1950). Shortly before his death, he became the first Romansh writer to receive the Grosser Schillerpreis. From the 1940s onwards, Romansh writers began to reflect on the widespread economical and social changes of traditional Romansh society and the word of modernity. Andri Peer (1921–1985) from the Lower Engadine is considered one of the first modern Romansh writers, whose works introduced modern literary trends into Romansh. His modern writing style was initially met with opposition, and he was not fully recognized and appreciated until much later. Another Engadine writer of this literary movement is Cla Biert (1920–1981), who became known for his humorous short stories. Notably Sursilvan writers include Flurin Darms (born 1918) for his lyrics, and Gion Battesta Sialm (1897–1977) and Guglielm Gadola (1902–1961) for their short stories. One of the more famous contemporary novelists is Toni Halter (1914–1986), who treated historic or rural themes in his works. Also known for his novels and short stories is the Sursilvan writer Gion Deplazes (born 1918). The Engadine writer Jon Semadeni (1910–1981) is the author of several theater plays and sketches, in addition to writing some prose as well. Also known for their plays are Men Gaudenz and Tista Murk (1915–1992) from the Val Müstair and Carli Fry (1897–1956) from Surselva. More recently, the Sursilvan writer Arno Camenisch (born 1978) gained attention outside the Romansh community for his novels and short stories, including the bilingual Romansh German book Sez Ner. Concerning children and young adult books, some original works have been written in Romansh alongside a large number of translations. The most famous of these are the books of Selina Chönz, whose book Uorsin has become famous well outside of Switzerland in its German version Schellenursli. Other authors include Clo Duri Bezzola (Kindels dal malom), Göri Klainguti (Linard Lum), Linard Bardill (Il guaffen gelg), G. Netzer (Martin steiler, Annina, La princessa loscha), Theo Candinas (La fuigia dil Stoffel) or Claudia Cadruvi (Capuns ed il stgazi dals Franzos'). Drama was represented by biblical plays, most notably the Passiuns sursilvanas (developed in 17th–18th century). From the 18th century, courtroom dramas based on criminal cases were added to the village repertoire. In the early 20th century, many villages would stage an annual vernacular comedy. Jon Semadeni established the La Culissa theatrical touring company in 1944. His drama Il pövel cumada, which was first staged in 1946, is considered a landmark in Romansh drama. The company ceased touring in 1977. From the 1940s onwards, Romansh writers consciously attempted to assimilate influences from international literary movements, as well as reflecting the situation of traditional Romansh culture as a disappearing way of life in a world of modernity and change. In 1946, a Romansh writers’ union was established by Artur Caflisch and Jon Guidon, known since 2004 as ULR (Union for Romansh Literature). The Romansh writers are organized in the writer's union Uniun per la Litteratura Rumantscha established in 1946, which organizes since 1990 the yearly event Dis da Litteratura an annual Romansh literary festival has been held. Most writers today write in their regional dialect, while the pan regional variety Rumantsch Grischun is seeing increased use in works done by the Lia Rumantscha such as translations of children's books. Other writers include: Maurus Carnot (1846–1935), Giachen Michel Hay (1860–1920), Gian Fontana (1897–1935), Leza Uffer (1912–1982), Armon Planta (1917–1986), Gion Luregn Derungs, Gion Deplazes (born 1918), Cla Biert (1920–1981), Andri Peer (1921–1985), Martin Suter, Tim Krohn.
Үстем ұлттық тіл болмағандықтан, француз, итальян, неміс және роман тілдері – Швейцария әдебиетін құрайтын төрт тармаққа бөлінеді. Бастапқы Швейцария Конфедерациясы 1291 жылы құрылғаннан 1798 жылға дейін қазіргі Фрибург кантонында француз тілді бірнеше аудандарды ғана алған, сондықтан неміс тілі басым болды. Осы кезеңде швейцариялық халық аузындағы әдебиет неміс тілінде болды, бірақ 18-ғасырда француз тілі Бернде және басқа жерлерде сәнге айналды. Ол кезде Женева мен Лозанна әлі Швейцарияға жатпады: Женева одақтас, ал Во – бағынышты аймақ. 19-ғасырдың екінші жартысында романш тілінде діни емес жазбалар көбейе бастады. Осы кезеңнің әдеби туындылары көбінесе тілдің өзіне қатысты және «Романш қайта жандануы» деп аталатын романш тілінің қайта жандануының бір бөлігі ретінде қарастырылады. Бұл кезеңдегі әдебиеттің көп бөлігі романш тілін мадақтаған өлеңдер мен әңгімелерден тұрады және көбінесе романш аңғарларының ауылдық ортасына қатысты тақырыптарды қамтиды. Тағы бір ортақ тақырып – өмірінің көп бөлігін шетелде өткізген «Рандулиндердің» эмиграциясы. Сонымен қатар, көптеген шығармалар романш тіліне аударылды, көбінесе сол кезде танымал болған неміс жазушыларының еңбектері. Сол кездегі белгілі сурильван ақындары: Теодор де Кастельберг (1748–1818), Плацид а Спеша (1752–1833) немесе Джио Антони Хуондер (1824–1867). Ең танымал сурильван ақыны – Джачен Каспар Муот (1844–1906), ол романш тіліндегі ең жақсы ақын деп есептеледі. Оның өлеңдері мен балладалары көбінесе романш тілінің өзіне арналған, мысалы, оның ең әйгілі шығармасы «Al pievel romontsch» («Романш халқына»):
As there is no dominant national language, the four main languages of French, Italian, German and Romansch form the four branches which make up a literature of Switzerland. The original Swiss Confederation, from its foundation in 1291 up to 1798, gained only a few French speaking districts in what is now the Canton of Fribourg, and so the German language dominated. During that period the Swiss vernacular literature was in German, although in the 18th century, French became fashionable in Bern and elsewhere. At that time, Geneva and Lausanne were not yet Swiss: Geneva was an ally and Vaud a subject land. Non religious writings in Romansh began appearing in the second half of the 19th century in substantial numbers. The literary output of this period often deals with the language itself and is seen as part of the Romansh revival known as the "Romansh Renaissance". Most literature of the period consists of poetry and short stories praising the Romansh language and usually dealing with topics related to the rural background of the Romansh valleys. Another common theme is the emigration of the so called "Randulins", who would spend much of their lives working abroad. In addition, many works were translated into Romansh, generally German writers that were popular at the time. Well known Sursilvan poets of the time include Théodore de Castelberg (1748–1818), Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833) or Gion Antoni Huonder (1824–1867). The best known Sursilvan poet is Giachen Caspar Muoth (1844–1906) however, who is often considered the most well versed Romansh poet of all. His poets and ballads often deal with Romansh itself, such as his most famous work Al pievel romontsch ("To the Romansh people"):
Other Sursilvan writers of the Romansh Renaissance include Caspar Decurtins (1855–1916), who collected among other things popular legends, ballads, and songs, as well as Giachen Michel Nay (1860–1920), who described rural life in several novels, Alfons Tuor (1871–1904), and Gian Fontana (1897–1935), who are also known for their novels. In addition, the priest Maurus Carnot (1865–1935) who had grown up in Samnaun but did not write in the Romansh dialect of his hometown, learned Sursilvan in Disentis, and later used it for plays, lyric, and short stories dealing with rural life. Finally, Flurin Camathias is the author of several Sursilvan plays, poems, and epics, in addition to having translated numerous works into Romansh. Literary works in Surmiran are comparatively rare, with Alexander Lozza from Murmarera being the most notable one. In the Engadine, the first modern poets include Gian Battista Tschander and Conradin de Flug (1787–1874). Writers of the Romanticism era include Siméon Caratsch (1826–1891) and Gian Fadri Caderas (1830–1891), who co authored some works such as the comedy Ils duos poets. Other well known poets and songwriters of the period include Andrea Bezzola (1840–1897), author of the song Ma bella Val, mi' Engiadina, or Gudench Barblan (1860–1916), author of the song A la lingua materna
Another important Engadine figure of the period is Zaccaria Pallioppi (1820–1873). While he also wrote poems of his own, his main work is the first Ladin dictionary, published by his son in 1895. One of the first female writers is Clementina Gilli (1858–1942), who translated several major works of European literature and published a few original works as well, using the pseudonym Clio. Other Engadine writers of the Romansh Renaissance include Schimun Vonmoos (1868–1940), who wrote poets and short tales in addition to translating, Gian Gianett Cloetta (1874–1965) or Eduard Bezzola (1875–1948), who wrote dramas, comedies, and songs or translated them. The best known Engadine poet is Peider Lansel (1863–1943) however, who retired at an early age in 1906 and dedicated himself to poetry, becoming one of the first Romansh writers to gain fame outside of his region. His work includes over 200 poems, which were published in several collections in 1907 (Primulas), 1912 (La cullana d'ambras) and 1929 in his principal work Il vegl chalamêr. In addition, his work includes several anthologies of Romansh poets, such as La musa ladina (1910) and La musa rumantscha (posthumous 1950). Shortly before his death, he became the first Romansh writer to receive the Grosser Schillerpreis. From the 1940s onwards, Romansh writers began to reflect on the widespread economical and social changes of traditional Romansh society and the word of modernity. Andri Peer (1921–1985) from the Lower Engadine is considered one of the first modern Romansh writers, whose works introduced modern literary trends into Romansh. His modern writing style was initially met with opposition, and he was not fully recognized and appreciated until much later. Another Engadine writer of this literary movement is Cla Biert (1920–1981), who became known for his humorous short stories. Notably Sursilvan writers include Flurin Darms (born 1918) for his lyrics, and Gion Battesta Sialm (1897–1977) and Guglielm Gadola (1902–1961) for their short stories. One of the more famous contemporary novelists is Toni Halter (1914–1986), who treated historic or rural themes in his works. Also known for his novels and short stories is the Sursilvan writer Gion Deplazes (born 1918). The Engadine writer Jon Semadeni (1910–1981) is the author of several theater plays and sketches, in addition to writing some prose as well. Also known for their plays are Men Gaudenz and Tista Murk (1915–1992) from the Val Müstair and Carli Fry (1897–1956) from Surselva. More recently, the Sursilvan writer Arno Camenisch (born 1978) gained attention outside the Romansh community for his novels and short stories, including the bilingual Romansh German book Sez Ner. Concerning children and young adult books, some original works have been written in Romansh alongside a large number of translations. The most famous of these are the books of Selina Chönz, whose book Uorsin has become famous well outside of Switzerland in its German version Schellenursli. Other authors include Clo Duri Bezzola (Kindels dal malom), Göri Klainguti (Linard Lum), Linard Bardill (Il guaffen gelg), G. Netzer (Martin steiler, Annina, La princessa loscha), Theo Candinas (La fuigia dil Stoffel) or Claudia Cadruvi (Capuns ed il stgazi dals Franzos'). Drama was represented by biblical plays, most notably the Passiuns sursilvanas (developed in 17th–18th century). From the 18th century, courtroom dramas based on criminal cases were added to the village repertoire. In the early 20th century, many villages would stage an annual vernacular comedy. Jon Semadeni established the La Culissa theatrical touring company in 1944. His drama Il pövel cumada, which was first staged in 1946, is considered a landmark in Romansh drama. The company ceased touring in 1977. From the 1940s onwards, Romansh writers consciously attempted to assimilate influences from international literary movements, as well as reflecting the situation of traditional Romansh culture as a disappearing way of life in a world of modernity and change. In 1946, a Romansh writers’ union was established by Artur Caflisch and Jon Guidon, known since 2004 as ULR (Union for Romansh Literature). The Romansh writers are organized in the writer's union Uniun per la Litteratura Rumantscha established in 1946, which organizes since 1990 the yearly event Dis da Litteratura an annual Romansh literary festival has been held. Most writers today write in their regional dialect, while the pan regional variety Rumantsch Grischun is seeing increased use in works done by the Lia Rumantscha such as translations of children's books. Other writers include: Maurus Carnot (1846–1935), Giachen Michel Hay (1860–1920), Gian Fontana (1897–1935), Leza Uffer (1912–1982), Armon Planta (1917–1986), Gion Luregn Derungs, Gion Deplazes (born 1918), Cla Biert (1920–1981), Andri Peer (1921–1985), Martin Suter, Tim Krohn.
Романш қайта жандануының басқа да сурильван жазушылары арасында Каспар Декуртинс (1855–1916), ол халық аңыздары, балладалар мен әндерді жинаған, сондай-ақ бірнеше романда ауыл өмірін суреттеген Джахен Мишель Най (1860–1920), Альфонс Туор (1871–1904) және Жан Фонтана (1897–1935), олар да өз романдарымен танымал. Сонымен қатар, Самнаун қаласында өскен, бірақ туған қаласындағы романш диалектісінде жазбаған діни қызметкер Маурус Карно (1865–1935) Дисентисте сурильван тілін үйреніп, кейіннен оны ауыл өміріне қатысты пьесалар, лирика және қысқа әңгімелерге қолданды. Ақырында, Флюрин Каматиас бірнеше сурильвандық пьесалардың, өлеңдердің және эпостардың авторы, сонымен қатар көптеген шығармаларды романш тіліне аударған. Сурмиран тіліндегі әдеби шығармалар салыстырмалы түрде сирек, олардың ішінде ең танымал – Мурмарерадан келген Александр Лоцца. Энгадинде алғашқы заманауи ақындар арасында Джан Баттиста Цхандер және Конрадин де Флюг (1787–1874) бар. Романтизм дәуірінің жазушылары арасында Симеон Каратш (1826–1891) және Джан Фадри Кадерас (1830–1891), ол «Ils duos poets» комедиясы сияқты кейбір шығармалардың авторы. Осы кезеңнің басқа да танымал ақындары мен әншілері: Андреа Беццола (1840–1897), «Ma bella Val, mi' Engiadina» әнінің авторы немесе «A la lingua materna» әнінің авторы Гуденч Барблан (1860–1916). Ол сондай-ақ өлеңдер жазған, бірақ оның басты еңбегі – 1895 жылы ұлы шығарған алғашқы латын сөздігі. Алғашқы әйел жазушылардың бірі – Клементина Гилли (1858–1942), ол Еуропа әдебиетінің бірнеше ірі шығармаларын аударды және Клио псевдонимін қолдана отырып, бірнеше түпнұсқалық шығармаларын жариялады. Романш қайта жандану дәуірінің басқа да жазушылары: Шимун Вонмус (1868–1940), аудармадан басқа да өлеңдер мен әңгімелер жазған, Джан Джаннет Клоетта (1874–1965) немесе Эдуард Беццола (1875–1948), драмалар, комедиялар мен әндер жазған немесе оларды аударған. Ең танымал Энгадин ақыны – Пейдер Лансель (1863–1943), ол 1906 жылы ерте зейнеткерлікке шығып, өзін поэзияға арнады, ол өз аймағынан тыс атақ алған алғашқы романш жазушылардың бірі болды. Оның шығармашылығында 200-ден астам өлең бар, олар 1907 жылы бірнеше жинақтарда (Primulas), 1912 жылы (La cullana d'ambras) және 1929 жылы өзінің негізгі еңбегінде Il vegl chalamêr басылып шықты. Сонымен қатар, оның шығармашылығына романш ақындарынан бірнеше антологиялар кіреді, мысалы La musa ladina (1910) және La musa rumantscha (1950). Өлерінен аз уақыт бұрын ол Гроссер Шиллерпрейзге ие болған алғашқы романш жазушысы болды. 1940-шы жылдардан бастап романш жазушылар дәстүрлі романш қоғамының кең таралған экономикалық және әлеуметтік өзгерістері мен заманауи сөз туралы ойлана бастады. Төменгі Энгадиннен шыққан Андри Пир (1921–1985) романш тіліндегі алғашқы қазіргі заманғы жазушылардың бірі болып саналады. Оның қазіргі жазу стилі бастапқыда қарсылықпен кездесті, ал ол көп уақыт өткенге дейін толық танылып, бағаланбады. Бұл әдеби қозғалыстың тағы бір енгадин жазушысы – Кла Биерт (1920–1981), ол әзілді қысқа әңгімелерімен танымал болды. Сурильван жазушыларының ішінде Флюрин Дармс (1918 жылдан бері) лирикасы үшін, ал Джион Баттеста Сиалм (1897–1977) және Гуглиелм Гадола (1902–1961) қысқа әңгімелері үшін танымал. Ең танымал заманауи романистердің бірі – Тони Хальтер (1914–1986), ол өз шығармаларында тарихи немесе ауылдық тақырыптарды қарастырды. Сурильван жазушысы Джион Деплазес (1918 жылдан бері) де романдары мен әңгімелерімен танымал. Энгадин жазушысы Жон Семадени (1910–1981) бірнеше театрлық пьесалар мен очерктердің авторы, сонымен қатар проза жазған. Мен Гауденц пен Тиста Мурк (1915–1992) Валь Мюстайдан және Карли Фрай (1897–1956) Сурсельвадан да өз пьесаларымен танымал. Жақында сурильван жазушысы Арно Камениш (1978 жылдан бері) романдары мен әңгімелерімен романш қоғамынан тыс кең танылды, соның ішінде екі тілде (романш-неміс) жазылған «Sez Ner» кітабы. Балалар мен жасөсперімдерге арналған кітаптарға қатысты, романш тілінде көптеген аудармалармен қатар бірнеше түпнұсқалық шығармалар жазылды. Олардың ең танымалдары – Селина Чёнцтің кітаптары, оның «Uorsin» кітабы неміс тілінде «Schellenursli» деген атпен Швейцариядан тыс жерлерде де танымал болды. Басқа авторлар: Кло Дури Беццола (Kindels dal malom), Гёри Клайнгути (Linard Lum), Линард Бардилл (Il guaffen gelg), Г. Нетцер (Martin steiler, Annina, La princessa loscha), Тео Кандинас (La fuigia dil Stoffel) немесе Клаудиа Кадруви (Capuns ed il stgazi dals Franzos'). Драманы библиялық пьесалар, әсіресе 17-18 ғасырларда дамыған «Passiuns sursilvanas» ең танымал болды. 18-ғасырдан бастап, қылмыстық істерге негізделген сот драмалары ауылдық репертуарға қосылды. 20-ғасырдың басында көптеген ауылдар жыл сайын халық аузындағы комедияны қоятын. Жон Семадени 1944 жылы «La Culissa» театрлық труппасын құрды. Оның 1946 жылы қойылған «Il pövel cumada» пьесасы романш драмасындағы маңызды туынды саналады. Труппа 1977 жылы гастрольдік сапарларын тоқтатты. 1940-шы жылдардан бастап романш жазушылары халықаралық әдеби ағымдардың ықпалын қабылдауға тырысып, сонымен қатар дәстүрлі романш мәдениетінің жаңа өмірге енген заманауи әлемде жоғалып бара жатқан өмір салтының жағдайын көрсетуге ұмтылды. 1946 жылы Артур Кафлиш пен Жон Гидон романш жазушылар одағын құрды, ол 2004 жылдан бері ULR (Романш әдебиеті одағы) деп белгілі. Романш жазушылары 1946 жылы құрылған «Uniun per la Litteratura Rumantscha» жазушылар одағында біріккен, ол 1990 жылдан бері жыл сайын өткізілетін «Dis da Litteratura» романш әдеби фестивалін ұйымдастырады. Бүгінгі таңдағы көптеген жазушылар өздерінің аймақтық диалектілерінде жазады, ал «Lia Rumantscha» сияқты ұйымдардың жұмысында, балалар кітаптарының аудармаларында «Rumantsch Grischun» панаралық түрінің қолданылуы артып келеді. Басқа авторлар: Маурус Карно (1846–1935), Джахен Мишель Хэй (1860–1920), Жан Фонтана (1897–1935), Леза Уффер (1912–1982), Армон Планта (1917–1986), Джион Лурегн Дерунс, Джион Деплазес (1918 жылдан бері), Кла Биерт (1920-жылдардан бастап)...
As there is no dominant national language, the four main languages of French, Italian, German and Romansch form the four branches which make up a literature of Switzerland. The original Swiss Confederation, from its foundation in 1291 up to 1798, gained only a few French speaking districts in what is now the Canton of Fribourg, and so the German language dominated. During that period the Swiss vernacular literature was in German, although in the 18th century, French became fashionable in Bern and elsewhere. At that time, Geneva and Lausanne were not yet Swiss: Geneva was an ally and Vaud a subject land. Non religious writings in Romansh began appearing in the second half of the 19th century in substantial numbers. The literary output of this period often deals with the language itself and is seen as part of the Romansh revival known as the "Romansh Renaissance". Most literature of the period consists of poetry and short stories praising the Romansh language and usually dealing with topics related to the rural background of the Romansh valleys. Another common theme is the emigration of the so called "Randulins", who would spend much of their lives working abroad. In addition, many works were translated into Romansh, generally German writers that were popular at the time. Well known Sursilvan poets of the time include Théodore de Castelberg (1748–1818), Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833) or Gion Antoni Huonder (1824–1867). The best known Sursilvan poet is Giachen Caspar Muoth (1844–1906) however, who is often considered the most well versed Romansh poet of all. His poets and ballads often deal with Romansh itself, such as his most famous work Al pievel romontsch ("To the Romansh people"):
Other Sursilvan writers of the Romansh Renaissance include Caspar Decurtins (1855–1916), who collected among other things popular legends, ballads, and songs, as well as Giachen Michel Nay (1860–1920), who described rural life in several novels, Alfons Tuor (1871–1904), and Gian Fontana (1897–1935), who are also known for their novels. In addition, the priest Maurus Carnot (1865–1935) who had grown up in Samnaun but did not write in the Romansh dialect of his hometown, learned Sursilvan in Disentis, and later used it for plays, lyric, and short stories dealing with rural life. Finally, Flurin Camathias is the author of several Sursilvan plays, poems, and epics, in addition to having translated numerous works into Romansh. Literary works in Surmiran are comparatively rare, with Alexander Lozza from Murmarera being the most notable one. In the Engadine, the first modern poets include Gian Battista Tschander and Conradin de Flug (1787–1874). Writers of the Romanticism era include Siméon Caratsch (1826–1891) and Gian Fadri Caderas (1830–1891), who co authored some works such as the comedy Ils duos poets. Other well known poets and songwriters of the period include Andrea Bezzola (1840–1897), author of the song Ma bella Val, mi' Engiadina, or Gudench Barblan (1860–1916), author of the song A la lingua materna
Another important Engadine figure of the period is Zaccaria Pallioppi (1820–1873). While he also wrote poems of his own, his main work is the first Ladin dictionary, published by his son in 1895. One of the first female writers is Clementina Gilli (1858–1942), who translated several major works of European literature and published a few original works as well, using the pseudonym Clio. Other Engadine writers of the Romansh Renaissance include Schimun Vonmoos (1868–1940), who wrote poets and short tales in addition to translating, Gian Gianett Cloetta (1874–1965) or Eduard Bezzola (1875–1948), who wrote dramas, comedies, and songs or translated them. The best known Engadine poet is Peider Lansel (1863–1943) however, who retired at an early age in 1906 and dedicated himself to poetry, becoming one of the first Romansh writers to gain fame outside of his region. His work includes over 200 poems, which were published in several collections in 1907 (Primulas), 1912 (La cullana d'ambras) and 1929 in his principal work Il vegl chalamêr. In addition, his work includes several anthologies of Romansh poets, such as La musa ladina (1910) and La musa rumantscha (posthumous 1950). Shortly before his death, he became the first Romansh writer to receive the Grosser Schillerpreis. From the 1940s onwards, Romansh writers began to reflect on the widespread economical and social changes of traditional Romansh society and the word of modernity. Andri Peer (1921–1985) from the Lower Engadine is considered one of the first modern Romansh writers, whose works introduced modern literary trends into Romansh. His modern writing style was initially met with opposition, and he was not fully recognized and appreciated until much later. Another Engadine writer of this literary movement is Cla Biert (1920–1981), who became known for his humorous short stories. Notably Sursilvan writers include Flurin Darms (born 1918) for his lyrics, and Gion Battesta Sialm (1897–1977) and Guglielm Gadola (1902–1961) for their short stories. One of the more famous contemporary novelists is Toni Halter (1914–1986), who treated historic or rural themes in his works. Also known for his novels and short stories is the Sursilvan writer Gion Deplazes (born 1918). The Engadine writer Jon Semadeni (1910–1981) is the author of several theater plays and sketches, in addition to writing some prose as well. Also known for their plays are Men Gaudenz and Tista Murk (1915–1992) from the Val Müstair and Carli Fry (1897–1956) from Surselva. More recently, the Sursilvan writer Arno Camenisch (born 1978) gained attention outside the Romansh community for his novels and short stories, including the bilingual Romansh German book Sez Ner. Concerning children and young adult books, some original works have been written in Romansh alongside a large number of translations. The most famous of these are the books of Selina Chönz, whose book Uorsin has become famous well outside of Switzerland in its German version Schellenursli. Other authors include Clo Duri Bezzola (Kindels dal malom), Göri Klainguti (Linard Lum), Linard Bardill (Il guaffen gelg), G. Netzer (Martin steiler, Annina, La princessa loscha), Theo Candinas (La fuigia dil Stoffel) or Claudia Cadruvi (Capuns ed il stgazi dals Franzos'). Drama was represented by biblical plays, most notably the Passiuns sursilvanas (developed in 17th–18th century). From the 18th century, courtroom dramas based on criminal cases were added to the village repertoire. In the early 20th century, many villages would stage an annual vernacular comedy. Jon Semadeni established the La Culissa theatrical touring company in 1944. His drama Il pövel cumada, which was first staged in 1946, is considered a landmark in Romansh drama. The company ceased touring in 1977. From the 1940s onwards, Romansh writers consciously attempted to assimilate influences from international literary movements, as well as reflecting the situation of traditional Romansh culture as a disappearing way of life in a world of modernity and change. In 1946, a Romansh writers’ union was established by Artur Caflisch and Jon Guidon, known since 2004 as ULR (Union for Romansh Literature). The Romansh writers are organized in the writer's union Uniun per la Litteratura Rumantscha established in 1946, which organizes since 1990 the yearly event Dis da Litteratura an annual Romansh literary festival has been held. Most writers today write in their regional dialect, while the pan regional variety Rumantsch Grischun is seeing increased use in works done by the Lia Rumantscha such as translations of children's books. Other writers include: Maurus Carnot (1846–1935), Giachen Michel Hay (1860–1920), Gian Fontana (1897–1935), Leza Uffer (1912–1982), Armon Planta (1917–1986), Gion Luregn Derungs, Gion Deplazes (born 1918), Cla Biert (1920–1981), Andri Peer (1921–1985), Martin Suter, Tim Krohn.
Статистика
2000-шы жылдары Швейцариядағы кітап өндірісі жылына 10 000-12 000 аталымды құрады. 2007 жылы Швейцарияның Ұлттық кітапханасы швейцариялық баспагерлердің 11 410 жаңа кітабының жарық көргенін тіркеді. Олардың 6631-і неміс тілінде, 2509-ы француз тілінде, 361-і итальян тілінде, 21-і романш тілінде болды, ал қалғаны көп тілді немесе басқа тілдерде жарық көрді. Барлық тілдерді есепке алғанда, 1983 жаңа кітап әдебиет саласында жарық көрді. Басқа маңызды салалар: музыкалық басылымдар (1076 аталым), өнер (1019 аталым), құқық (949 аталым), дін (948 аталым), тілдер (467 аталым), технология (446 аталым), география (412 аталым) және тарих (409 аталым). 410 аталым ағылшын тілінен, 200 аталым неміс тілінен және 157 аталым француз тілінен аударылды. Швейцариялық баспагерлер 31 тілде жарық көрген кітаптарды ұлттық тілдердің біріне аударды.