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National coat of arms of Greece

The coat of arms of Greece (Εθνόσημο, ) or national seal of Greece comprises a white Greek cross on a blue escutcheon, surrounded by two laurel branches. It has been in use in its current form since 1975. Prior to the adoption of the current coat of arms, Greece used a number of different designs, some of which were not heraldic; the first heraldic design was introduced in 1832 and its main element, the blue shield with the white cross, has been the base for all other national coats of arms since then. The design is a heraldic representation of the Greek national flag adopted in 1822, which featured a white cross on a blue field. The proper heraldic description of the coat of arms is: Azure, a cross Argent. The Law regulating the coat of arms does not specify a tincture for the laurel branches, implying proper (or vert, i. e. green). Official usage portrays the laurel branches as monochrome blue, while a version with the branches in gold is used by the military and on the presidential standard. Since standardisation in 2010, the Government of Greece has used a stylised version of the coat of arms as a government logo, again in monochrome. In periods of monarchy, the shield was topped by a royal crown and surrounded by elaborate ornamentation expressive of royal authority, including male figures as supporters, the Order of the Redeemer, a mantle and pavilion, and the royal motto. The shield was also sometimes charged with the dynastic arms of House of Wittelsbach under Otto of Greece, and by those of the House of Glücksburg after his exile. Other designs adopted prior to 1832 made heavy use of ancient Greek imagery, such as Athena and her owl, as well as other popular revolutionary symbols such as the Phoenix rising from its ashes, symbolising the rebirth of Greece as an independent state.

The political thinker and revolutionary Rigas Feraios was the first to propose a national emblem for Greece, including a hand drawing rendition of it in his hand written New Political Constitution of 1797. Rigas' proposal was composed of a club of Heracles, with the words superimposed on it, and three crosses topping it. The national emblem was described as a simple cockade of white and blue. These colours were chosen as the national colours over more "revolutionary" choices such as black and red, popular in Greece ever since Rigas had proposed them, so as to disassociate the government and the revolution from any perceived links to radical movements in the eyes of the conservative European royal courts. Since its establishment, the emblem has undergone many changes in shape and in design, mainly due to changes of regime. Apart from the cockade, the Provisional Administration of Greece used a seal depicting the goddess Athena and her symbol, the Owl of Athena, encircled by the words "Provisional Administration of Greece".

The current coat of arms of Greece derives from the Greek national flag, which was adopted in March 1822. Theories published retrospectively in Greece try to justify this use by making a connection to Byzantine flags and insignia. The 1934 edition of the Great Greek Encyclopedia explains that "the current national emblem of Greece shares this with the last emblem of Medieval [Greece], that it is made up of a cross dividing the emblem into four quarters. The difference is that the emblem of the Imperial house of the Palaiologoi also had a capital B in each of the quarters". This design is well attested in Byzantine and Western sources during the 14th and 15th centuries, but as the Byzantines entirely lacked the Western tradition of "national" or family heraldic designs as coats of arms, this design was only used in flags. on the outside and ermine on the inside, topped again with the royal crown. This emblem was discarded following the 23 October 1862 Revolution and Otto's subsequent exile. Despite this fact, however, the blue shield with the white cross remained the basis upon which all subsequent coats of arms were based, including the current arms of the Third Hellenic Republic. The white and blue cockade of the revolutionary period was reinstated in March 1833, this time blue on the outside and white on the inside, so that the blue centre was equal to two thirds of the diameter of the cockade. This design, described both as a 'national emblem' (ἐθνόσημον) and a 'cockade' (κοκάρδα) in Greek and as the 'national cockade' (National Kokarde) in German, was to be worn on caps by uniformed military and civilian personnel as well as on the hats of private citizens that wished to display their national pride.

Following Otto's deposition in 1862, the 17 year old Prince William of Denmark was chosen in 1863 as Greece's new king. The coat of arms was suitably altered by the Royal Decree of 9 November 1863. The text of the decree was almost identical to that of 1833, with minor additions and removals to accommodate Greece's new royal house, the House of Glücksburg. The escutcheon remained the same, but the dynastic arms of the Glücksburg family, including the three lions of the arms of Denmark proper, the two lions of Schleswig, the nettle leaf of Holstein, the horse head of Lauenburg, the two red bars of the House of Oldenburg and the yellow cross of Delmenhorst, were added in an inescutcheon at the centre of the cross when the coat of arms was used to represent members of the Greek royal family. The shield remained surmounted by the royal crown but the supporters were changed to figures of Heracles, similar to the 'wild men' of the coat of arms of Denmark. This gave rise to the use of the term "Ἡρακλεῖς τοῦ Στέμματος" ("Heracleses of the Crown") as a derogatory term for Greek monarchists. The Order of the Redeemer was also added, while the new royal motto, "Ἰσχύς μου ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ λαοῦ" ("The people's love is my strength"), was also introduced in gold lettering on an azure band. When Greece became a republic in 1924, all ornamentation was discarded and a simple escutcheon adopted as the coat of arms. During the short lived dictatorship of Theodoros Pangalos in 1925–26, four symbols were added to the national emblem in the four quarters created by the cross: the head of Athena, symbolising the ancient Greek period; a helmet and spear, symbolising the Macedonian period; a double headed eagle, symbolising the Byzantine period; and a phoenix rising from its ashes, symbolising the modern Greek period. A wreath of oak leaves on the right, and of laurel leaves on the left, surrounded the emblem, symbolising power and glory, respectively. This particular emblem was criticised for being inappropriate and violating heraldic rules, before being again replaced by the simple shield following the fall of Pangalos and his dictatorship. Until the abolition of the republic in 1935, a phoenix was often added in the centre of the cross as a symbol of Greek republicanism. Following the return of the monarchy in 1935, the original smaller version of the coat of arms of Denmark representing the royal family was supplanted by the greater coat of arms of Denmark of 1819–1903, and consequently also in 1863 when the Danish prince William accepted the Greek throne as King George I. This greater arms included all the former elements, as well as the three crowns of the former Kalmar Union, the stockfish of Iceland, the ram of Faroe Islands, the polar bear of Greenland, the lion and hearts of the King of the Goths, the wyvern of the King of the Wends, the swan with a crown of Stormarn, and the knight on horseback of Dithmarschen. During the 1941–1944 Axis occupation of Greece, the Greek puppet government used the republican escutcheon, "crowned with the depiction of the mythological Phoenix bird rising from its ashes, surrounded in between its wings by a contour of rays".

In 1973, the then ruling military junta abolished the monarchy, which was confirmed by a subsequent referendum. The constituent act that abolished the monarchy bore just the inscription "Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic" (June 1, GG Issue 118 A). The following two issues (119 and 120, June 1 and 2 respectively), featured a phoenix rising from its ashes, with the soldier's silhouette clearly erased, in contrast with the "Phoenix and Soldier" design used widely before in coins, stamps, books, matchboxes and propaganda posters. Between June 5 and July 5 a new, rounded version of the phoenix appeared on Government Gazette issues, which was subsequently featured on ID cards, passports and other miscellaneous documents, such as lottery tickets, even after the finalization of the form of the phoenix. A rounded version was also adopted in new coinage. On July 5, the design of the phoenix was finalised. It was subsequently used on military uniforms, passports and other official uses, while seals and material adhering to previous designs were also considered valid. Ioannides' regime did not abolish it; as such it was used till August 1, 1974, when the Karamanlis administration issued a GGI without it. No coat of arms was used whereas possible till June 7, 1975, when the current coat of arms was introduced; however, coins bearing the phoenix continued being legal tender for a period. After the collapse of the military regime in 1974, the new government decided to hold another referendum regarding the form of government as acts of the junta were considered to be illegal. The 1974 referendum resulted in the republican form of government being maintained. This confirmed the abolition of the royal coats of arms, but the achievement remains in use by the current pretenders of the Greek royal family.

The current emblem is defined by Law 48/1975. The blue shield with the white cross was restored, and the proportions of the escutcheon specified as longer than its width. The shield is surrounded entirely by two branches of laurel; their colour is not specified but in practice they are almost universally shown as monochromatic. The coat of arms was designed in 1974 by Greek artist Κώστας Γραμματόπουλος. The government uses a stylised version of the coat of arms as a government logo. The design was implemented beginning in 2010 as a means of standardising the branding of the various Greek government ministries. It specified the design and colour of the national emblem when used as a logo, and designated FF Meta as the official typeface for use across all media to represent the Government of Greece. Instead of showing the blue parts of the shield as solid colour, the government logo utilises heraldic hatching, with horizontal lines signifying azure (blue). The Great Seal of the State (Μεγάλη του Κράτους Σφραγίς) is Greece's official Great Seal, used to confirm official documents. The current design was set out in the same law that specified the coat of arms in 1975; it is made up of the coat of arms, surrounded by the words Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία) in capital letters, contained within a circle in diameter. Previous Great Seals were also specified by previous decrees specifying the older coats of arms in 1833 and 1863.