Еркін тікес емес сөйлеу стилі

Style of narration
Free indirect speech is a literary term that refers to writing a character's first person thoughts in the voice of the third person narrator. It is a style using aspects of third person narration conjoined with the essence of first person direct speech. The technique is also referred to as free indirect discourse, free indirect style, or, in French, discours indirect libre. Free indirect speech has been described as a "technique of presenting a character's voice partly mediated by the voice of the author", with their voices effectively merged. Or, reversing the emphasis: " the character speaks through the voice of the narrator", with their voices effectively merged. The distinguisher term "free" in the phrase indicates the technique whereby the authorinstead of being fixed with the narrator or with just one charactermay "roam from viewpoint to viewpoint" among several different characters. Randall Stevenson suggests that the term free indirect discourse "is perhaps best reserved for instances where words have actually been spoken aloud"; and those cases "where a character's voice is probably the silent inward one of thought" is better described as free indirect style.

Roy Pascal cites Goethe and Jane Austen as the first novelists to use this style consistently, and writes that Gustave Flaubert was the first to be aware of it as a style. This style would be widely imitated by later authors, called in French discours indirect libre. It is also known as estilo indirecto libre in Spanish, and is often used by Latin American writer Horacio Quiroga. In German literature, the style, known as erlebte Rede (experienced speech), is perhaps most famous in the works of Franz Kafka, blurring the subject's first person experiences with a grammatically third person narrative perspective. Arthur Schnitzler's novella Leutnant Gustl first published in Neue Freie Presse newspaper in 1900 is considered the earliest book length example. In Danish literature, the style is attested since Leonora Christina (1621–1698) (and is, outside literature, even today common in colloquial Danish speech). Some of the first sustained examples of free indirect discourse in Western literature occur in Latin literature, where the phenomenon often takes the name of oratio obliqua. It is characteristic, for instance, of the style of Julius Caesar, but it is also found in the historical work of Livy.