Паноан тілдері

Family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia

Panoan (also Pánoan, Panoano, Panoana, Páno) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil, eastern Peru, and northern Bolivia. It is possibly a branch of a larger Pano–Tacanan family.

The Panoan family is generally believed to be related to the Tacanan family, forming with it Pano–Tacanan, though this has not yet been established (Loos 1999).

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. For the full list of original Portuguese glosses, see the corresponding Portuguese article. gloss Proto Panoan 'sun' *βaɽi 'star' *wis( ) 'corn' *ʂɨki 'to make, to kill' *ʔak 'capybara' *ʔamɨ(n) 'big, large' *ʔani 'paca (Cuniculus paca)' *ʔano 'intransitive concord suffix' * ʔaʂ 'kind of poison' *ʔaʂ(an) 'tapir (Tapirus terrestris)' *ʔawaɽ 'woman, wife' *ʔawi(n) 'woman' *ʔaw̆iβo 'to swallow, to inhale' *ʔaya 'I (1sg)' *ʔɨ 'big, large' *ʔɨwa 'louse' *ʔia 'lake' *ʔian 'owner' *ʔiʔβo 'bird species' *ʔiʔtsak 'hot, heat' *ʔitsis 'heat, hot' *yoʔo 'hot' *ʂa(n)a 'to embrace, to keep in one's arms' *ʔikok 'to keep/carry in one's arms' *ʔikoʔiko 'to rise, to go up' *ʔira 'livestock, domestic animal' *ʔinak 'to give' *ʔinar 'jaguar species' *ʔi(n)o 'fish species (of family Loricariidae)' *ʔipo 'pain, to hurt' *ʔisir 'blackbird species (of family Icteridae)' *ʔisko 'monkey species (of family Atelidae)' *ʔiso 'monkey species' *ɽiɽo 'howler monkey (monkey species)' *ɽoʔo 'monkey species' *ʃiro 'monkey species (Callitrichidae?)' *sipi 'monkey species' *wasa 'to run' *ʔisto 'very, much' *ʔitsak 'king vulture' *ʔiʃmi(n) 'heavy' *ʔiwɨ 'stingray' *ʔiwi 'tick' *hoʔpoʂ 'rain' *ʔoi 'to look' *ʔoi(n) 'to cough' *ʔok(o) 'to know, to learn' *ʔo(n)a(n) 'freshwater (lit. new liquid)' *ʔoma paʂa 'to laugh' *ʔosa(n) 'to sleep' *ʔoʂ(a) 'shadow' *ʔota 'to suck' *ʔoyo 'he, that' *ha(a) 'to run, to flee' *haβa(t) 'heron species' *haka 'to tread (on)' *hamak 'tongue' *hana 'to vomit' *ha(n)a(n) 'name' *harɨ 'curassow (bird species of family Cracidae)' *hãsi(n) 'opening' *hãʂaβa 'this much' *hatit '3PL' *hato 'what, which' *haw(ɨ/a) 'his, her(s)' *hawɨn 'path, way, forest trail' *βaʔi 'night, dark' *βaʔki(ʃ)i 'dark, night' *yamɨ(t) 'cloth (?)' *βatʃi 'grazed, cleared' *βai(C) 'son, child' *βakʷɨ 'foam' *βakoʂ 'to plant' *βana 'egg' *βatsi 'to whisper' *βaʂɨʂɨ 'sweet' *βata 'fish species' *βato(m) 'parrot (species of family Psittacidae)' *βawa 'fish species (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans)' *βawi(n) 'to fetch, to search' *βɨ 'comitative' * βɨt, * bɨta(n) 'boy, adolescent' *βɨʔra(C) 'to forget, to lose' *βɨʔ(n)oÇ 'tear' *βɨʔo(m) 'waves' *βɨʔʃo(n) 'forehead, face' *βɨmãnan 'husband, male' *βɨnɨ 'man, male' *βɨ̃βo 'tree species (of family Phyllanthaceae)' *βɨp(on) 'eye' *βɨɽo 'to cut' *βɨstɨ 'eyebrows' *βɨʂko 'eyebrows' *βɨʂpi 'frog species' *βɨʂko 'thin, flat' *βɨʂ(n)a(n) 'soup, broth' *βɨtɨm 'face (body part prefix)' *βɨ 'to catch' *βiÇ 'skin, leather, hide' *βitsi 'heron species' *βitʃo 'mosquito species' *βi 'fruit' *βimi 'wasp' *βira 'moriche palm (Mauritia vinifera)' *βinon 'guava' *βĩpiʃ 'pluralizer' * βo 'woodpecker species (of family Picidae)' *βoir 'kind of box' *βoʔ(n)a(n) ti 'palm species' *βoʔɽɨ(t) 'stump, trunk' *βoʔɽo(Ç) 'fish species (of family Pimelodidae)' *βoɨ 'resin' *βoi(Ç) 'tree species (Cecropia?)' *βoko(n) 'a small tree whose bark is used to make ropes' *βoko 'bee species' *βo(n)a 'hair, coat' *βo 'kind of beetle' *βõpa 'otter species' *βõsi(m) 'head' *βoʂka(Ç) 'to sit (down)' *tsaʔo(t) 'fish species' *tsatsa 'hiccup, to hiccup' *tsɨko 'cicada' *tsiʔo 'charcoal, ember' *tsitsɨ 'ember, firewood charcoal' *(ts)is(t)o 'who' *tso(a) 'to catch, to grab with the hand' *tsoma 'to sting, to pierce, to inject' *tʃaʔtʃi 'to crush, to beat, to hit' *tʂaka 'to lie' *tʃa(n)i 'clam species' *tʃãpiʃ 'cricket, locust' *tʂãpo 'kingfisher' *tʃaɽaʂ 'deer species' *tʂaʂo 'fire' *tʃiʔi 'ashes (lit. fire dust)' *tʃiʔi mapo 'to steer (a canoe) from behind' *tʃiβi 'rear part' *tʃipo 'to wash, to wash oneself' *tʃoka 'cloth, clothes' *tʃopa 'hard, strong' *tʃoɽiʃ 'hard, strong' *kɨɽɨʂ 'liquid, water' *hɨ(n)ɨ 'fish species' *hɨ(n)ɨ ʔino 'to leave, to let go of' *hɨ(n)ɨÇ 'palm species' *hɨpɨ 'to shine, to burn' *hɨɽɨ 'to put out (fire)' *(n)oka 'seed' *hɨʂɨ 'to enter' *hiʔki 'ant species' *hiʔima 'ant species' *hi(ts)i 'blood' *himi 'tail' *hina 'to see, to look' *his 'kind of ant' *hitsis 'to urinate, urine' *hisor 'kind of tree as well as its fruit' *hiʃtʃiβi 'tree (generic), log (generic)' *hiwi 'to hear, to listen, to understand' *kʷak 'edge, lips' *kʷɨβi 'Penelope (bird species)' *kʷɨβo 'to want, to desire' *kʷɨ̃ɨ̃ 'to want' *katsi, * kas 'to love, to like, to want' *(n)oi 'to call' *kʷɨ(n)a 'kind of bench' *kʷɨ(n)a(n) 'to draw, to paint' *kʷɨ(n)ɨ 'beard' *kʷɨ(n)i 'end, extreme' *kʷɨ(n)o 'to skewer' *kʷɨo(n) 'lips' *kʷɨʂa(n) 'beard' *kʷɨʂ(n)i 'macaw species' *kaʔi(n) 'back' *kaʔtɨ 'relative' *ka(n)i 'kind of basket' *kaka(n) 'pineapple' *ka(n) 'jaguar' *kamar 'snake species' *kaʔmoʂ 'macaw species' *kara 'flash of lightning' *karak 'bow' *kano 'kind of squirrel' *kapa 'cayman' *kapɨt 'cará (kind of yam)' *kaɽi 'firewood' *kaɽo 'mat' *kaʃi 'back (body part prefix)' *ka 'to sew' *kɨʔʂɨ 'vessel, dish, plate' *kɨ̃tʃa(C) 'piece, shard' *kɨʂɨ 'thick' *kɨʂto(C) 'kind of pan' *kɨ̃ti(C) 'to end, to finish' *kɨyo 'locative ablative suffix, directional, towards' * ki 'hole, opening' *kiri 'thigh' *kʷisi 'smoke' *kʷaʔin 'to boil' *koβi(n) 'jaw' *kʷi 'mother's brother' *koka 'glowworm' *koki(ʃ) 'mother's brother' *koko 'to swallow soft food' *koko 'glowworm' *koko(ʃs)i 'tinamou (bird species)' *koma 'fungus species' *ko(n)o 'pus' *ko 'value' *kopi 'ashes, greyish' *koɽo 'cedar' *(k)oʂna 'causative verbal suffix' * m(a) 'hill' *maʔtʃi 'fish species' *maʔi(r) 'cold' *matsi 'to sweep' *matso 'animal horn' *mãtʃa(n) 'earth, land' *mai 'on earth, on the ground' *mai(n) 'to bury' *mai(n) , *maiwa 'headband, hat' *maiti 'rat' *maka 'rat' *ʂoya 'stone, rock' *maka 'piranha (fish species)' *makɨ 'to wish' *mara 'over, about' *ma(n)a(n) 'metal' *ma(n)ɨ 'banana' *ma(n)i 'to long' *(ma)(n)o(t) 'to climb (a hill)' *mapɨ 'shrimp' *mapi 'head' *mapo 'clay, dust' *mapok 'plant species' *maɽaʂ 'agouti (rodent species)' *maɽi 'calabash species' *masɨ(n) 'sand' *masi 'stone' *maʂaʂ 'urucum (the tree and its fruit)' *maʂɨ 'on top, peak' *maʂka(t) 'to cut hair' *maʂkoɽ 'animal horn' *mãʂo 'to hit the head' *matas 'to die' *mawa 'ant species' *mawis 'to twist, to spin, to move in circles' *maya 'to touch, to touch with the hand, to feel' *mɨʔ(ɨ) 'to wet, wet' *mɨʔtʃa 'hand, arm' *mɨβi 'fingernail' *mɨ̃tsis 'claw, nail' *hõtsis 'hand' *mɨkɨr 'right hand' *mɨkɨrɨ kʷaya 'to find, to look for' *mɨɽa 'to crawl' *mɨʂo 'finger' *mɨtoti 'slough, muddy area' *mɨwɨ '2SG' *mi '2PL' *mato 'pamonha (traditional corn pastry)' *mɨsi 'hook, fishhook' *miʃkiti 'poison, bitter' *moka 'thorn' *moʂa 'nest' *naʔa 'sloth species' *naʔir 'sky' *naiɽ 'mosquito species' *(n)akʷa 'termite' *nakʷaʂɨ 'to dream' *(n)ama 'below, under, underneath' *nama 'meat' *rami 'genipap (kind of fruit)' *(n)a(n)ɨ 'to put inside, to submerge' *nan(ɨ) 'inside, in the middle' *(n)apo 'to bathe, to take a bath' *(n)as(i) 'wide, broad' *(n)aʂβa 'to bite' *(n)atɨʂ 'foreigner' *(n)awa 'rainbow' *(n)awa βaʔi 'cut vegetation, abandoned land' *(n)awɨ 'trumpeter bird' *(n)ɨa 'to unite, to put together' *(n)ɨʔa 'to tie' *(n)ɨʂa 'bird species' *(n)ɨʂ(n)ɨʂ 'day' *rɨtɨ 'to stand' *niÇ 'forest, woods' *(n)iʔi 'breeze' *(n)iβiÇ 'centipede, scorpion' *(n)iβo 'to listen, to hear' *(n)ĩka 'to drag, to pull' *(n)i(n) 'to sweat' *(n)iska(n) 'palm species' *(n)isi 'to be bored' *(n)iʃ 'wind' *(n)iwɨ '1PL' *no( ) 'deep' *(n)oa 'snail species' *(n)oʔtʃo 'worm' *noʔir 'snail species' *(n)oβo 'tasty, delicious' *(n)o(ɨ) 'to swim' *(n)on(a) 'to swim' *nono 'duck' *rorom 'canoe' *(n)õti 'to fly' *(n)o(ya) 'to come, to arrive' *ho 'flower' *hoa 'language, voice, word' *hoi 'to breathe' *hoin 'heart' *hoi(n)ti 'to hide' *hon(ɨ) 'man, human' *honi 'wild hog species' *ho(n)o 'red' *hoʃin 'white' *hoʂo 'to wash' *paʔtsa 'to get drunk, drunk' *paʔɨn 'deaf' *paβɨ 'ear' *paβĩki 'bamboo species (Guadua weberbaueri, taboca)' *paka 'to fall' *pakɨt 'armadillo species' *paɨ(n)o 'ear adornment, earring' *pa(ʔ)o(t) 'father' *papa 'to deceive' *paɽa(n) 'river' *paɽo 'ear (body part prefix)' *pa 'yellow' *pãʃin 'new, fresh, raw' *paʂa 'blossoming small branch on a stem' *paʂko 'deaf' *pãtot 'to shake' *paya 'rotten' *payo 'wing, feather' *pɨʔi 'to eat' *pi 'nephew, son of one's sister' *piʔak 'arrow' *pia 'parakeet' *pitso 'hummingbird' *pi(n)o 'toucan species' *pisa 'cujubi(m) (Pipile cujubi, bird species), wild turkey' *koʂo 'large toucan species' *ʂokɨ 'snake species' *pisika 'small bag (?)' *piʃa 'mat' *piʃi(n) 'small' *pistia 'food' *piti 'feces' *poʔi 'kind of tubercle (yam?)' *poa 'sister or brother of the opposite sex' *poi 'intestine, belly' *poko 'vein' *pono 'owl species' *popo 'sloth species' *posɨ(n) 'ankle' *poʂko 'to throw, to abandon' *pota 'dust' *poto 'arm' *poyam 'during, while' *ɽaʔma 'remedy, drug, traditional medicine' *ɽaʔo 'to be afraid, to get scared' *ɽaʔtɨ 'two' *ɽaβɨt 'to be ashamed' *ɽaβi(n) 'knee, kneecap' *ɽãβoʂo(ko) 'to fear, to be afraid of' *ɽakʷɨ 'to lie down' *ɽaka 'to cover, to surround' *ɽako 'body hair, coat' *ɽani 'knee' *ɽa(n)toko 'to kill' *ɽɨʔtɨ 'end, headwater (?) ("ponta, cabeceira do rio")' *ɽɨβo 'forward, upwards (of river)' *ɽɨβo+ki 'hole in nose, nostril' *ɽɨ+kini 'to grind' *ɽɨnɨ 'nasal septum' *ɽɨpaC 'to knock down, to fall over' *ɽɨɽ 'musical instrument' *ɽɨwɨ 'equal, the same way, also' * ɽiʔβi, *ɽiʔβa 'thread, string, cord' *ɽisiβitʃi 'thread' *ɽisis 'axe' *ɽoɨ 'tobacco' *ɽomɨ 'snake' *ɽoro 'to be on a diet, to fast' *sama 'to lift, to suspend' *sa(n)á(n) 'fish species' *sa(n)í(n) 'kind of small fish' *sani(n) 'to put on clothes, to dress' *sawɨÇ 'fierce' *si(n)a 'coati species (Nasua nasua)' *sisi 'good, pretty' *ʃaɽa 'chest (body part prefix)' *ʃik 'plant species' *ʃiko(n) 'spider species' *ʃi(n)a 'to think' *sina(n) 'pium (fly species)' *ʃio 'clarity' *ʂaʔβak 'tamandua (kind of anteater)' *ʂaʔɨ 'to cut' *ʂaʔtɨ 'to yawn' *ʂaβa 'tree bark, skin' *ʂakaÇ 'sister in law, wife, cross cousin (?)' *ʂa(n)o 'bone' *ʂao 'cotton' *ʂapo 'pestle, stone' *ʂaʂo 'calabash species' *ʂata(n) 'macaw species' *ʂawar 'tortoise' *ʂawɨ 'sugar cane (?)' *ʂawi 'to drink' *ʂɨʔa 'to thresh corn' *ʂɨʔmɨ 'palm species' *ʂɨβo(n) 'gecko species' *ʂɨkɨÇ 'caterpillar species' *ʂɨ(n)a 'tree species' *ʂɨ(n)a(n) 'fat, grease, oil' *ʂɨ(n)i 'old' *ʂɨ(n)i 'tooth, beak (of bird)' *ʂɨta 'vulture' *ʂɨtɨ 'to smell' *ʂɨtɨ 'smell, scent' *wia 'stinky, stench' *pisi 'ceiling, roof (made of straw), to thatch' *ʂɨwa 'benefactive' * ʂo(n) 'transitive concord suffix' * ʂon 'to roast' *ʂoʔi 'needle' *ʂoʔomoʂ 'to scratch, to itch, itch' *ʂoa 'fat' *ʂoaC 'house' *ʂoβo 'to peel' *ʂoka 'small' *ʂoko 'to cast skin (?)' *ʂokoC 'breasts, milk' *ʂoma 'green, unripe' *ʂoo 'papaya' *ʂopa(n) 'down feather' *ʂopoÇ 'chest' *ʂotsi 'girl, young girl' *ʂõtako 'foot' *taʔɨ 'temporary house, shelter (?)' *taʔpas 'liver' *takʷa 'peanut' *tama 'cheek' *tamβo 'to try, to taste (?)' *tara 'palm species' *taoaÇ 'bridge, platform' *tapo 'root' *tapon 'old log, rotten log' *taɽa 'to spin (?)' *taɽá(n) 'clothes' *taɽi 'kind of basket' *tasa 'salt' *taʃi 'pile of logs floating down the river' *taʂa 'bamboo used for making arrows' *tawa 'to break' *tɨʔk(ɨ) 'blowpipe' *tɨpi 'sprout, shoot' *tɨʂka(n) 'neck, nape, throat' *tɨʂo 'Adam's apple' *tɨto(n) 'hawk species' *tɨtɨC 'instrumental nominalizer' * ti 'to hit, to beat' *tima 'rifle, shotgun' *to 'strainer' *toʔati 'to make pregnant, to give birth' *to(ʔo) 'frog or toad species' *toa 'dark blue' *to(n)a(n) 'wart' *toʂpi 'to make' * wa 'farm, garden' *wai 'water, river' *waka 'fish species' *wamɨ 'palm species' *wani(m) 'pumpkin species' *waɽa(m) 'to sweep, to forage' *was 'herb' *wasi 'spider's web' *was(n)o(n) 'cotton' *waʂmɨ(n) 'imperative verbal suffix' * wɨ 'narrow strait between two islands' *wɨa 'other, another' *wɨts(a) 'one (numeral)' *wɨsti 'lower leg' *wiʔtaʂɨ 'to row' *wi(n)a 'to cry, to weep' *wi(n) 'club, baton' *wino 'to pass' *wi(n)o 'calf' *wipoko 'black' *wiso 'with, in possession of' * ya 'tick' *yaʔra(n) 'town, settlement' *yakat 'negative suffix' *( ya)ma 'axe' *yami 'fish' *yapa 'late; afternoon' *yãtan 'wild hog species' *yawa 'armadillo species' *yawis 'to say, to speak' *yoʔi 'animal' *yoʔi(n)a 'to have fever, to get annoyed' *yo(n)a 'wizard' *yoβɨ(ka) 'pepper species' *yotʃi 'to ask' *yoka 'fish species' *yoma 'thread, line, cord' *yoma(n) 'to steal' *yomɨtso 'people, human body' *yoɽa 'to grow' *yo(o)si 'spirit' *yosi(n) 'woman, old woman' *yoʂa