Орталық Италия романда тілдерінің ерекшеліктері

Romance varieties spoken in Central Italy

Central Italian (Italian: dialetti mediani) refers to the dialects of Italo Romance spoken in the so called Area Mediana, which covers a swathe of the central Italian peninsula. Area Mediana is also used in a narrower sense to describe the southern part, in which case the northern one may be referred to as the Area Perimediana, a distinction that will be made throughout this article. The two areas are split along a line running approximately from Rome in the southwest to Ancona in the northeast.

In the early Middle Ages, Central Italian extended north into Romagna and covered all of modern day Lazio, Abruzzo, and Molise. Since then, however, the dialects spoken in those areas have been assimilated into Gallo Italic and Southern Italo Romance respectively. In addition, the dialect of Rome has undergone considerable Tuscanization from the fifteenth century onwards, such that it has lost many of its Central Italian features.

In part of the Area Mediana, below a line running northeast from Rome to Rieti and Norcia, the 3PL ending of non first conjugation verbs is, unusually, / u/ (rather than / o/), which acts as a trigger for metaphony. Cf. Latin vēndunt > Leonessan [ˈvinnu] 'they sell'. In the same area, a series of irregular first conjugation verbs also show 3PL / u/ (as opposed to the / o/ or / onno/ found elsewhere). Examples include [au, dau, fau, vau] 'they have/give/do/go'. Latin fourth declension nouns have been retained as such in many cases. Cf. Latin manum, manūs 'hand(s)' > Fabrichese [ˈmaːno] (invariant) and Latin fīcum, fīcūs 'fig(s)' > Canepinese [ˈfiːko] (invariant). Latin neuters of the um/ a type survive more extensively than in Tuscan. Cf. Latin olīvētum, olīvēta > Roiatese [liˈviːtu, leˈveːta] 'olive grove(s)'. Even originally non neuter nouns are sometimes drawn into this class, as in Latin hortum, hortī > Segnese [ˈᴐrto, ˈᴐrta] 'garden(s)'. The plurals, which are grammatically feminine, are replaced by the feminine ending / e/ in some dialects, leading to outcomes such as Spoletine [ˈlabbru, ˈlabbre] 'lip(s)'. Both plurals may also alternate within the same dialect, as in Treiese [ˈᴐːa~ˈᴐːe] 'eggs'. The Latin neuter plural / ora/, as in tempora 'times', was extended to several other words in medieval times, but today the phenomenon is limited to areas such as Serrone, where one finds cases like [ˈraːmo, ˈraːmora] 'branch(es)'. In Serviglianese, the final vowel changes to / e/, as in [ˈfiːko, ˈfiːkore] 'fig(s)'. In several dialects, final syllables beginning with /n/, /l/, or /r/ may be deleted in masculine nouns. In varieties such as Matelicese, this occurs only in the singular, not the plural, leading to outcomes such as */paˈtrone, paˈtroni/ > [paˈtro, paˈtruːni] 'lord, lords'. In varieties such as Serviglianese, this deletion occurs both in the singular and the plural, resulting in [paˈtro, paˈtru], with metaphony induced vowel distinctions remaining as a marker of number.

Direct objects are often marked by the preposition a if they are animate.