Сөз түбіріне енгізілетін қосымшалар

Affix inserted inside a word stem
infixes in natural languages

An infix is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word or the core of a family of words). It contrasts with adfix, a rare term for an affix attached to the outside of a stem, such as a prefix or suffix. When marking text for interlinear glossing, most affixes are separated with a hyphen, but infixes are separated with .

English has almost no true infixes and those it does have are marginal. Most are heard in colloquial speech; although there are other examples, such as in technical terminology, these examples are often more accurately described as tmesis.

None of the following are recognized in standard English. The infix or is characteristic of hip hop slang, for example h iz ouse for house and sh izn it for shit. The infix (or "Homeric infix," after Homer Simpson), gives a word an ironic pseudo sophistication, as in sophisti ma cated (sophisticated), saxo ma phone, (saxophone) and edu ma cation. (education) This exists as a slang phenomenon. Infixes also occur in some language games. The use of 'expletive infixes' such as fucking and bloody , which are words rather than affixes, is known as tmesis.

The present tense of some Proto Indo European verbs, in the case of a certain number of roots, adds a nasal infix (m, n) to the basic root. The stems of the other tenses have the root without the infix, and thus these verbs are called nasal presents. This phenomenon is inherited, and preserved to varying degrees, by some early daughter languages such as Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Latin language, etc. Sanskrit exhibits the greatest transparency of this feature amongst the Indo European languages, with the phenomenon manifesting in three of the ten traditional verb classes, where the infix is higher grade and accent bearing in the strong forms, and reduced grade in the weak forms. For example, √yuj , 'join' has yu·ná·k·ti 's/he joins' ↔ yu·ñj·ánti, 'they join'. Latin present vincō "I win" (cf. perfect passive participle victus "conquered")
Ancient Greek lambánō (also with an suffix) "I take" (cf. aorist élǎbon "I took")

In Nicaraguan, Costa Rican, and Honduran Spanish, the Spanish diminutive affix becomes an infix in names: Óscar → Osquítar (cf. standard Oscarito); Edgar → Edguítar; Victor → Victítor.

Arabic uses a common infix, ت for Form VIII verbs, usually a reflexive of Form I. It is placed after the first consonant of the root; an epenthetic i prefix is also added, since words cannot begin with a consonant cluster. An example is اجتهد ijtahada "he worked hard", from جهد jahada "he strove". (The words ijtihad and jihad are nouns derived from these two verbs.)

In Seri, some verbs form the plural stem with infixation of after the first vowel of the root; compare the singular stem ic 'plant (verb)' with the plural stem itóoc. Examples: itíc 'did s/he plant it?' and ititóoc 'did they sow it? '.

Tmesis, the use of a lexical word rather than an affix, is sometimes considered a type of infixation. These are the so called "expletive infixes", as in abso bloody lutely. Since these are not affixes, they are commonly disqualified from being considered infixes. Sequences of adfixes (prefixes or suffixes) do not result in infixes: an infix must be internal to a word stem. Thus, the word originally, formed by adding the suffix ly to original, does not turn the suffix al into an infix. There is simply a sequence of two suffixes, origin al ly. In order for al to be considered an infix, it would have to have been inserted in the non existent word *originly. The "infixes" in the tradition of Bantu linguistics are often sequences of prefixes of this type, though there may be debate over specific cases. The Semitic languages have a form of ablaut (changing the vowels within words, as in English sing, sang, sung, song) that is sometimes called infixation, as the vowels are placed between the consonants of the root. However, this interdigitation of a discontinuous root with a discontinuous affix is more often called transfixation. An interfix joins a compound word, as in speed o meter.