Қол-аяқ-ауыз ауруы: себептері, белгілері және алдын алу шаралары

Common human disease caused by a group of viruses
viral disease

The viruses that cause HFMD are spread through close personal contact, through the air from coughing and the feces of an infected person. Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause, and enterovirus 71 is the second most common cause. Some people may carry and pass on the virus despite having no symptoms of disease. Most people with hand, foot, and mouth disease get better on their own in 7 to 10 days. No antiviral medication or vaccine is available, but development efforts are underway. For fever and for painful mouth sores, over the counter pain medications such as ibuprofen may be used, though aspirin should be avoided in children. The illness is usually not serious. Occasionally, intravenous fluids are given to children who are dehydrated. Very rarely, viral meningitis or encephalitis may complicate the disease. Typically it occurs in children less than five years old but can occasionally occur in adults. HFMD should not be confused with foot and mouth disease (also known as hoof and mouth disease), which mostly affects livestock.

Common constitutional signs and symptoms of the HFMD include fever, nausea, vomiting, feeling tired, generalized discomfort, loss of appetite, and irritability in infants and toddlers. Skin lesions frequently develop in the form of a rash of flat discolored spots and bumps which may be followed by vesicular sores with blisters on palms of the hands, soles of the feet, buttocks, and sometimes on the lips. The rash is rarely itchy for children, HFMD usually resolves on its own after 7–10 days.

The viruses that cause the disease are of the Picornaviridae family. Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause of HFMD.

Preventive measures include avoiding direct contact with infected individuals (including keeping infected children home from school), proper cleaning of shared utensils, disinfecting contaminated surfaces, and proper hand hygiene. These measures have been shown to be effective in decreasing the transmission of the viruses responsible for HFMD. Protective habits include hand washing and disinfecting surfaces in play areas. No vaccine is currently available in the United States. Minor complications due to symptoms can occur such as dehydration, due to mouth sores causing discomfort with intake of foods and fluid.

Hand, foot and mouth disease most commonly occurs in children under the age of 10 HFMD is more common in rural areas than urban areas; however, socioeconomic status and hygiene levels need to be considered. Poor hygiene is a risk factor for HFMD.

In 1997, an outbreak occurred in Sarawak of Malaysia with 600 cases and over 30 children died. In 1998, there was an outbreak in Taiwan, affecting mainly children. There were 405 severe complications, and 78 children died. The total number of cases in that epidemic is estimated to have been 1.5 million. Vietnam (2,300 cases, 11 deaths), Mongolia (1,600 cases), and Brunei (1053 cases from June–August 2008)
In 2009 17 children died in an outbreak during March and April 2009 in China's eastern Shandong Province, and 18 children died in the neighboring Henan Province. Out of 115,000 reported cases in China from January to April, 773 were severe and 50 were fatal. In 2010 in China, an outbreak occurred in southern China's Guangxi Autonomous Region as well as Guangdong, Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces. Until March, 70,756 children were infected and 40 died from the disease. By June, the peak season for the disease, 537 had died. The World Health Organization reporting between January and October 2011 (1,340,259) states the number of cases in China had dropped by approx 300,000 from 2010 (1,654,866) cases, with new cases peaking in June. There were 437 deaths, down from 2010 (537 deaths). In December 2011, the California Department of Public Health identified a strong form of the virus, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6), where nail loss in children is common. In 2012 in Alabama, United States there was an outbreak of an unusual type of the disease. It occurred in a season when it is not usually seen and affected teenagers and older adults. There were some hospitalizations due to the disease but no reported deaths. In 2012 in Cambodia, 52 of 59 reviewed cases of children reportedly dead (as of 2012) due to a mysterious disease were diagnosed to be caused by a virulent form of HFMD. Although a significant degree of uncertainty exists with reference to the diagnosis, the WHO report states, "Based on the latest laboratory results, a significant proportion of the samples tested positive for enterovirus 71 (EV 71), which causes hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The EV 71 virus has been known to generally cause severe complications amongst some patients." HFMD infected 1,520,274 people with up to 431 deaths reported at the end of July in 2012 in China. In 2018, more than 50,000 cases have occurred through a nationwide outbreak in Malaysia with two deaths also reported.

An outbreak of an illness referred to as tomato fever or tomato flu was identified in the Kollam district on May 6, 2022. The illness is endemic to Kerala, India and gets its name because of the red and round blisters it causes, which look like tomatoes. Flu may be a misnomer. The condition mainly affects children under the age of five. An article in The Lancet states that the appearance of the blisters is similar to that seen in monkey pox, and the illness is not thought to be related to SARS CoV 2. The disease was termed "Hand Foot and Mouth Disease", by Thomas Henry Flewett, after a similar outbreak in 1960.

Novel antiviral agents to prevent and treat infection with the viruses responsible for HFMD are currently under development. Preliminary studies have shown inhibitors of the EV 71 viral capsid to have potent antiviral activity.