Кіріспе
Польшада коммунизмге қарсы жер асты қозғалысы, Вроцлавтан бастау алды.
The Orange Alternative (Polish: Pomarańczowa Alternatywa) is a Polish anti communist underground movement, started in Wrocław, a city in south west Poland and led by Waldemar Fydrych (sometimes misspelled as Frydrych), commonly known as Major (Commander of Festung Breslau) in the 1980s. Its main purpose was to offer a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements. By doing this, members of the Orange Alternative could not be arrested by the police for opposition to the regime without the authorities becoming a laughing stock. The Orange Alternative has been viewed as part of the broader Solidarity movement. Sociology professor Lisa (Lisiunia) Romanienko has argued it was among the most effective of Solidarity's factions in dismantling anxiety and fear surrounding the dictatorial regime, in order to bring about the labor (and later social and cultural) movement's success. Initially it painted ridiculous graffiti of dwarves on paint spots covering up anti government slogans on city walls. Afterwards, beginning with 1985 through 1990, it organized a series of more than sixty happenings in several Polish cities, including Wrocław, Warsaw, Łódź, Lublin, and Tomaszów Mazowiecki. It was the most picturesque element of Polish opposition to Stalinist authoritarianism. It suspended activity in 1989, but reactivated in 2001 and has been active on a small scale ever since. A statue of a dwarf, dedicated to the memory of the movement, stands today on Świdnicka Street in Wrocław, in the place where events took place. The Orange Alternative movement has inspired several other similar movements in authoritarian countries including Czechoslovakia and Hungary and it has also inspired and influenced the PORA and the so called Orange Revolution movement in Ukraine, which was in turn supported by Poland. Some utterances ascribed to Waldemar Fydrych:
In Poland there are only three places when you can feel free: In churches, but only for prayers; in prisons, but not everyone can go to prison; and on the streets: they are the freest places. The Western World will find out much more about the situation in Poland from hearing that I was sent to jail for handing out sanitary pads to women, than from reading books and articles written by other members of the opposition. Can you treat a police officer seriously, when he is asking you: "Why did you participate in an illegal meeting of dwarfs?"
"Помараньчжова Альтернатива" (полякша Pomarańczowa Alternatywa) – Польшаның оңтүстік-батысындағы Вроцлав қаласында басталған польшалық коммунизмге қарсы жер асты қозғалысы. 1980-ші жылдары Вальдемар Фыдрих (кейде Фридрих деп қате жазылады), "Майор" (Festung Breslau командирі) атымен танымал болды. Қозғалыстың басты мақсаты – бейбіт протест арқылы авторитарлық режимге қарсы тұрудың балама жолын ұсынып, азаматтардың кең тобына мүмкіндік беру болды. Бұл әдіс арқасында "Помараньчжова Альтернатива" мүшелерін режимге қарсылық көрсеткені үшін тұтқындау билікті күлкіге айналдыратын еді. "Помараньчжова Альтернатива" кең ауқымды "Солидарность" қозғалысының бір бөлігі деп есептелді. Әлеуметтану профессоры Лиза (Лизиуния) Романенко бұл қозғалыстың диктаторлық режимді қоршаған алаңдаушылық пен қорқынышты жоюдағы "Солидарность" фракцияларының ең тиімдісі деп санайды, бұл еңбек (кейін әлеуметтік және мәдени) қозғалысының табысына ықпал етті. Алғашқыда қала қабырғаларындағы үкіметке қарсы ұрандарды жауып тұрған бояу дақтарына ерсі суреттер салынды. Кейін, 1985 жылдан 1990 жылға дейін Вроцлав, Варшава, Лодзь, Люблин және Томашов Мазовецки сияқты бірнеше польша қалаларында алпыстан астам акциялар ұйымдастырылды. Бұл поляк оппозициясының сталиндік авторитаризмге қарсы күресінің ең жарқын көрінісі болды. 1989 жылы қозғалыс қызметін тоқтатты, бірақ 2001 жылы қайта жанданып, содан бері шағын ауқымда белсенділік танытып келеді. Бүгінде Вроцлавтың Свидничка көшесінде, оқиғалар болған жерде, қозғалыстың естелігіне арналған ерсі мүсіні орнатылған. "Помараньчжова Альтернатива" қозғалысы Чехословакия және Венгрия сияқты авторитарлық елдердегі бірнеше ұқсас қозғалыстарға үлгі болды, сондай-ақ Украинадағы PORA және "Қызғылт революция" қозғалысына ықпал етті, оларға Польша қолдау көрсетті. Вальдемар Фыдрихтің айтқан сөздерінің арасында:
The Orange Alternative (Polish: Pomarańczowa Alternatywa) is a Polish anti communist underground movement, started in Wrocław, a city in south west Poland and led by Waldemar Fydrych (sometimes misspelled as Frydrych), commonly known as Major (Commander of Festung Breslau) in the 1980s. Its main purpose was to offer a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements. By doing this, members of the Orange Alternative could not be arrested by the police for opposition to the regime without the authorities becoming a laughing stock. The Orange Alternative has been viewed as part of the broader Solidarity movement. Sociology professor Lisa (Lisiunia) Romanienko has argued it was among the most effective of Solidarity's factions in dismantling anxiety and fear surrounding the dictatorial regime, in order to bring about the labor (and later social and cultural) movement's success. Initially it painted ridiculous graffiti of dwarves on paint spots covering up anti government slogans on city walls. Afterwards, beginning with 1985 through 1990, it organized a series of more than sixty happenings in several Polish cities, including Wrocław, Warsaw, Łódź, Lublin, and Tomaszów Mazowiecki. It was the most picturesque element of Polish opposition to Stalinist authoritarianism. It suspended activity in 1989, but reactivated in 2001 and has been active on a small scale ever since. A statue of a dwarf, dedicated to the memory of the movement, stands today on Świdnicka Street in Wrocław, in the place where events took place. The Orange Alternative movement has inspired several other similar movements in authoritarian countries including Czechoslovakia and Hungary and it has also inspired and influenced the PORA and the so called Orange Revolution movement in Ukraine, which was in turn supported by Poland. Some utterances ascribed to Waldemar Fydrych:
In Poland there are only three places when you can feel free: In churches, but only for prayers; in prisons, but not everyone can go to prison; and on the streets: they are the freest places. The Western World will find out much more about the situation in Poland from hearing that I was sent to jail for handing out sanitary pads to women, than from reading books and articles written by other members of the opposition. Can you treat a police officer seriously, when he is asking you: "Why did you participate in an illegal meeting of dwarfs?"
"Польшада сіз еркін сезінетін үш орын бар: шіркеулерде, бірақ тек дұға ету үшін; түрмеде, бірақ бәрі де түрмеге түсе бермейді; және көшелерде – олар ең еркін орындар."
The Orange Alternative (Polish: Pomarańczowa Alternatywa) is a Polish anti communist underground movement, started in Wrocław, a city in south west Poland and led by Waldemar Fydrych (sometimes misspelled as Frydrych), commonly known as Major (Commander of Festung Breslau) in the 1980s. Its main purpose was to offer a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements. By doing this, members of the Orange Alternative could not be arrested by the police for opposition to the regime without the authorities becoming a laughing stock. The Orange Alternative has been viewed as part of the broader Solidarity movement. Sociology professor Lisa (Lisiunia) Romanienko has argued it was among the most effective of Solidarity's factions in dismantling anxiety and fear surrounding the dictatorial regime, in order to bring about the labor (and later social and cultural) movement's success. Initially it painted ridiculous graffiti of dwarves on paint spots covering up anti government slogans on city walls. Afterwards, beginning with 1985 through 1990, it organized a series of more than sixty happenings in several Polish cities, including Wrocław, Warsaw, Łódź, Lublin, and Tomaszów Mazowiecki. It was the most picturesque element of Polish opposition to Stalinist authoritarianism. It suspended activity in 1989, but reactivated in 2001 and has been active on a small scale ever since. A statue of a dwarf, dedicated to the memory of the movement, stands today on Świdnicka Street in Wrocław, in the place where events took place. The Orange Alternative movement has inspired several other similar movements in authoritarian countries including Czechoslovakia and Hungary and it has also inspired and influenced the PORA and the so called Orange Revolution movement in Ukraine, which was in turn supported by Poland. Some utterances ascribed to Waldemar Fydrych:
In Poland there are only three places when you can feel free: In churches, but only for prayers; in prisons, but not everyone can go to prison; and on the streets: they are the freest places. The Western World will find out much more about the situation in Poland from hearing that I was sent to jail for handing out sanitary pads to women, than from reading books and articles written by other members of the opposition. Can you treat a police officer seriously, when he is asking you: "Why did you participate in an illegal meeting of dwarfs?"
"Батыс Польшадағы жағдай туралы оппозицияның басқа мүшелері жазған кітаптар мен мақалаларды оқығаннан гөрі, мен әйелдерге гигиеналық төсемдер таратқаным үшін түрмеге жабылғанымды естігенде көбірек біледі."
The Orange Alternative (Polish: Pomarańczowa Alternatywa) is a Polish anti communist underground movement, started in Wrocław, a city in south west Poland and led by Waldemar Fydrych (sometimes misspelled as Frydrych), commonly known as Major (Commander of Festung Breslau) in the 1980s. Its main purpose was to offer a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements. By doing this, members of the Orange Alternative could not be arrested by the police for opposition to the regime without the authorities becoming a laughing stock. The Orange Alternative has been viewed as part of the broader Solidarity movement. Sociology professor Lisa (Lisiunia) Romanienko has argued it was among the most effective of Solidarity's factions in dismantling anxiety and fear surrounding the dictatorial regime, in order to bring about the labor (and later social and cultural) movement's success. Initially it painted ridiculous graffiti of dwarves on paint spots covering up anti government slogans on city walls. Afterwards, beginning with 1985 through 1990, it organized a series of more than sixty happenings in several Polish cities, including Wrocław, Warsaw, Łódź, Lublin, and Tomaszów Mazowiecki. It was the most picturesque element of Polish opposition to Stalinist authoritarianism. It suspended activity in 1989, but reactivated in 2001 and has been active on a small scale ever since. A statue of a dwarf, dedicated to the memory of the movement, stands today on Świdnicka Street in Wrocław, in the place where events took place. The Orange Alternative movement has inspired several other similar movements in authoritarian countries including Czechoslovakia and Hungary and it has also inspired and influenced the PORA and the so called Orange Revolution movement in Ukraine, which was in turn supported by Poland. Some utterances ascribed to Waldemar Fydrych:
In Poland there are only three places when you can feel free: In churches, but only for prayers; in prisons, but not everyone can go to prison; and on the streets: they are the freest places. The Western World will find out much more about the situation in Poland from hearing that I was sent to jail for handing out sanitary pads to women, than from reading books and articles written by other members of the opposition. Can you treat a police officer seriously, when he is asking you: "Why did you participate in an illegal meeting of dwarfs?"
"Полиция қызметкері сізге: «Неліктен сіз заңсыз жиналысқа қатыстыңыз?» деп сұрағанда, сіз оны қалай қабылдай аласыз?"
The Orange Alternative (Polish: Pomarańczowa Alternatywa) is a Polish anti communist underground movement, started in Wrocław, a city in south west Poland and led by Waldemar Fydrych (sometimes misspelled as Frydrych), commonly known as Major (Commander of Festung Breslau) in the 1980s. Its main purpose was to offer a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements. By doing this, members of the Orange Alternative could not be arrested by the police for opposition to the regime without the authorities becoming a laughing stock. The Orange Alternative has been viewed as part of the broader Solidarity movement. Sociology professor Lisa (Lisiunia) Romanienko has argued it was among the most effective of Solidarity's factions in dismantling anxiety and fear surrounding the dictatorial regime, in order to bring about the labor (and later social and cultural) movement's success. Initially it painted ridiculous graffiti of dwarves on paint spots covering up anti government slogans on city walls. Afterwards, beginning with 1985 through 1990, it organized a series of more than sixty happenings in several Polish cities, including Wrocław, Warsaw, Łódź, Lublin, and Tomaszów Mazowiecki. It was the most picturesque element of Polish opposition to Stalinist authoritarianism. It suspended activity in 1989, but reactivated in 2001 and has been active on a small scale ever since. A statue of a dwarf, dedicated to the memory of the movement, stands today on Świdnicka Street in Wrocław, in the place where events took place. The Orange Alternative movement has inspired several other similar movements in authoritarian countries including Czechoslovakia and Hungary and it has also inspired and influenced the PORA and the so called Orange Revolution movement in Ukraine, which was in turn supported by Poland. Some utterances ascribed to Waldemar Fydrych:
In Poland there are only three places when you can feel free: In churches, but only for prayers; in prisons, but not everyone can go to prison; and on the streets: they are the freest places. The Western World will find out much more about the situation in Poland from hearing that I was sent to jail for handing out sanitary pads to women, than from reading books and articles written by other members of the opposition. Can you treat a police officer seriously, when he is asking you: "Why did you participate in an illegal meeting of dwarfs?"
Басталуы
"Оранжевая альтернатива" 1980 жылы Вроцлав университетінде құрылған "Жаңа мәдениет қозғалысы" атты студенттік қозғалыста бастау алды. Сол жылы қозғалыстың негізін қалаушылардың бірі Вальдемар "Майор" Файдрих "Оранжевая альтернатива" газетінің идеологиялық тірегі болған Социалистік сюрреализм манифестін жариялады. Осы газеттің барлығы он бес санының жетісі 1980 жылдың қараша және желтоқсан айларында "Солидарлық" көтерілісі аясында ұйымдастырылған студенттік ереуілдер кезінде жарық көрді. Бірінші нөмірін майор Вальдемар Файдрих пен Вислав Купала (ә.к.а. "Ритмейстер") көңіл көтеру мақсатымен бірлесіп шығарды. Редакторлар ереуілді және оны қоршаған оқиғаларды өнер нысаны ретінде қарастырды. Келесі сандар үшін редакциялық комиссияға "Лейтенант Пабло" атымен танылған Пиотр Адамсио, Анджей Дзёвит және "Лейтенант Зизи Топ" лақабымен белгілі Зенон Зегарски қосылды. Студенттік ереуіл ұйымдастырушыларының пікірінше, газеттің авангардтық сипаты "ереуілдің жоғары мақсаттарына" қауіп төндіргенімен және ереуіл комитетінің цензуралау әрекеттеріне қарамастан, ол студенттер арасында тез танымал болды.
Қаңқалар
"Оранжевый альтернативаның" алғашқы белгілі әрекеттері поляк қалаларының қабырғаларында полицияның режимге қарсы ұрандарды бояуынан пайда болған жерлерге ергежейлі граффити салудан тұрды. Бірінші граффити 1982 жылдың 30-31 тамызындағы түнде Вроцлав ауданындағы Бискупин мен Семпольдағы үйлердің бірінде майор Вальдемар Файдрих және Виеслав Купала салған. Барлығы Вроцлав, Краков, Варшава, Лодзь және Гданьск сияқты Польшаның ірі қалаларында мыңнан астам осындай граффити салынған. Польшаның барлық жерінде көбейген ергежейлілер польшалық жаяу жүргіншілердің де, милицияның да қызығушылығын оятып, граффитишілердің қысқа мерзімге қамауларына әкелді. Осы оқиғалардың бірінде Лодзьдегі полиция бөлімшесінде ұсталған майор марксистік және гегельдік диалектикаға сілтеме жасап, тағы бір көркемдік манифест жариялады және өзінің граффити өнерін "диалектикалық сурет" деп атады: "Тезис – режимге қарсы ұран. Антитезис – дақ, ал синтез – ергежейлі. Саны сапаға айналады. Ергежейлілердің саны неғұрлым көп болса, соғұрлым жақсы".
1989 жылғы төңкерістерден кейін
ХХІ ғасырдың басында Вроцлав қаласында қоладан жасалған кішкентай адам мүсіндері пайда бола бастады. Уақыт өте келе олар Вроцлавтың маңызды туристік тартымдылығына айналды.