Америкалық GPS басқару жүйесімен жабдықталған бомбалар

American GPS bomb guidance kit
The Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) is a guidance kit that converts unguided bombs, or "dumb bombs", into all weather precision guided munitions. JDAM equipped bombs are guided by an integrated inertial guidance system coupled to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, giving them a published range of up to JDAM equipped bombs range from The JDAM's guidance system was jointly developed by the United States Air Force and United States Navy, hence the "joint" in JDAM. When installed on a bomb, the JDAM kit is given a GBU (Guided Bomb Unit) identifier, superseding the Mark 80 or BLU (Bomb, Live Unit) nomenclature of the bomb to which it is attached. The JDAM is not a stand alone weapon; rather it is a "bolt on" guidance package that converts unguided gravity bombs into precision guided munitions (PGMs). The key components of the system are a tail section with aerodynamic control surfaces, a (body) strake kit, and a combined inertial guidance system and GPS guidance control unit. From 1998 to November 2016, Boeing completed more than 300,000 JDAM guidance kits. In 2017 it built more than 130 kits per day. As of January 2024, 550,000 kits had been produced.

The U. S. Air Force's bombing campaign during the Persian Gulf War's Operation Desert Storm was less effective than initially reported, in part because it had no precision bombs that were accurate in all types of weather. Laser guidance packages on bombs proved exceptionally accurate in clear conditions, but amid airborne dust, smoke, fog, or cloud cover, they had difficulty maintaining "lock" on the laser designation. Research, development, testing and evaluation (RDT&E) of an "adverse weather precision guided munition" began in 1992. Several proposals were considered, including a radical concept that used GPS. The OCD program demonstrated a Circular Error Probable (CEP). The first JDAM kits were delivered in 1997, with operational testing conducted in 1998 and 1999. During testing, over 450 JDAMs were dropped achieving a system reliability in excess of 95% with a published accuracy under CEP. In addition to controlled parameter drops, the testing and evaluation of the JDAM also included "operationally representative tests" consisting of drops through clouds, rain and snow with no decrease in accuracy from clear weather tests. In addition, there have been tests involving multiple weapon drops with each weapon being individually targeted. JDAM and the B 2 Spirit stealth bomber made their combat debuts during Operation Allied Force. The B 2s, flying 30 hour, nonstop, round trip flights from Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, delivered more than 650 JDAMs during Allied Force. An article published in the Acquisition Review Journal in 2002 cites that "during Operation Allied Force B 2s launched 651 JDAMs with 96% reliability and hit 87% of intended targets " Due to the operational success of the original JDAM, the program expanded to the Mark 82 and Mark 83, beginning development in late 1999. As a result of lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, both the US Navy and US Air Force pursued improvements to the kits such as better GPS accuracy as well as a precision seeker for terminal guidance for use against moving targets. JDAM bombs are inexpensive compared to alternatives such as cruise missiles. The original cost estimate was $40,000 each for the tail kits; however, after competitive bidding, contracts were signed with McDonnell Douglas (later Boeing) for delivery at $18,000 each. Unit costs, in current year dollars, have since increased to $21,000 in 2004 and $27,000 by 2011. To the cost of the tail kit should be added the costs of the Mk80 series iron bomb, the fuze and proximity sensor which bring the overall weapon cost to about $30,000. For comparison, the newest Tomahawk cruise missile, dubbed the Tactical Tomahawk, costs nearly $730,000 (FY 2006).

Guidance is facilitated through a tail control system and a GPS aided inertial navigation system (INS). The navigation system is initialized by transfer alignment from the aircraft that provides position and velocity vectors from the aircraft systems. Once released from the aircraft, the JDAM autonomously navigates to the designated target coordinates. Target coordinates can be loaded into the aircraft before takeoff, manually altered by the aircrew in flight prior to weapon release, or entered by a datalink from onboard targeting equipment, such as the LITENING II or "Sniper" targeting pods. In its most accurate mode, the JDAM system will provide a minimum weapon accuracy CEP of or less when a GPS signal is available. If the GPS signal is jammed or lost, the JDAM can still achieve a CEP or less for free flight times up to 100 seconds. On 5 May 2023, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, MSN reported that Russia was able to jam the GPS guidance system to cause JDAMs to miss their targets. The leaked Pentagon document described the JDAMs as being particularly susceptible to the disruption. On 6 June 2023, the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) released a commentary by an electronic warfare (EW) expert on the jamming of JDAMs by Russian forces. The paper notes that the Russian R 330Zh Zhitel has had impacted GPS signals that JDAMs rely on. GPS signals are ”very weak by the time they have travelled the 10,900 nautical miles (20,200 km) from the satellite to Earth”, making them ”easy to jam with comparatively little power”. In the "early 2000s" the US military rolled out the Selective availability anti spoofing module (SAASM), along with encrypted military M code GPS signaling to ensure that the JDAM only accepts signals with correct encryption and rejects all other signals. However, according to one electronic warfare(EW) expert who spoke to RUSI, despite the mentioned steps to increase jamming resiliency, the ”sheer brute force” of a powerful jamming signal can prevent the JDAM’s global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver from obtaining the encrypted signal. Counter EW systems, while classified, might allow a JDAM to recognize a jamming signal and it’s direction and ”block out” signals coming from that direction. A GNSS receiver will ”typically need to ’see’ – that is have an uninterrupted Line of Sight (LOS) with – at least four satellites”, and will ”often” have more satellites available to it. Thus, blocking signals from one direction might not affect the receiver’s ability to ”see” other satellites. Russian forces may choose to respond by placing more jammers in order to deny a line of sight to the satellites that it requires. Russian EW units might also have the ability to spoof or fake the M Code that the confuses the JDAM as to its location and time. Ukrainian forces have been able to locate Russian jammers and hit them with "kinetic" attacks such as artillery. Several Russian EW units have been targeted and lost equipment. In response to Russian use of electronic warfare to jam GPS guided weapons, in May 2024 the U. S. awarded a contract for the acquisition of Home on GPS Jam seekers to be integrated into JDAM wing kits for Ukraine.

Experience during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom led US air power planners to seek additional capabilities in one package, resulting in ongoing program upgrades to place a precision terminal guidance seeker in the JDAM kit. The Laser JDAM (LJDAM), as this upgrade is known, adds a laser seeker to the nose of a JDAM equipped bomb, enabling it to engage moving targets. The laser seeker is a cooperative development between Boeing's Defense, Space and Security unit and Israel's Elbit Systems. It is called the Precision Laser Guidance Set (PLGS) by Boeing and consists of the laser seeker itself, now known as DSU 38/B, and a wire harness fixed under the bomb body to connect the DSU 38/B with the tail kit. During FY2004, Boeing and the U. S. Air Force began testing of the laser guidance capability for JDAM, with these tests demonstrating that the system is capable of targeting and destroying moving targets. This dual guidance system retains the ability to operate on GPS/INS alone, if laser guidance is unavailable, with the same accuracy of the earlier JDAM. In June 2007, Boeing announced that it had been awarded a $28 million contract by the U. S. Air Force to deliver 600 laser seekers (400 to the Air Force and 200 to the Navy) by June 2009. According to the Boeing Corporation, in tests at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, Air Force F 16 Fighting Falcons and F 15E Strike Eagles dropped twelve LJDAMs that successfully struck high speed moving targets. Using onboard targeting equipment, the launch aircraft self designated, and self guided their bombs to impact on the targets. In addition to the LJDAM kits, Boeing is also testing under a Navy development contract, an anti jamming system for the JDAM, with development expected to be completed during 2007, with deliveries to commence in 2008. The system is known as the Integrated GPS Anti Jam System (IGAS). In July 2008 Germany signed a contract with Boeing to become the first international customer of LJDAM. Deliveries for the German Air Force began in mid 2009. The order also includes the option for further kits in 2009. Boeing announced in September 2008 that it had conducted demonstration flights with the LJDAM loaded aboard a B 52H. The GBU 54 LJDAM made its combat debut in August 2008 in Iraq when an F 16 from the 77th Fighter Squadron engaged a moving vehicle in Diyala province. The GBU 54 LJDAM made its combat debut in the Afghan theater by the 510th Fighter Squadron in October 2010. In September 2012, Boeing began full rate production of Laser JDAM for US Navy and received a contract for more than 2,300 bomb kits. In November 2014, the U. S. Air Force began development of a version of the GBU 31 JDAM intended to track and attack sources of electronic warfare jamming directed to disrupt the munitions' guidance. The Home on Jam seeker works similar to the AGM 88 HARM to follow the source of a radio frequency jammer to destroy it.

In 2006, the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organisation in conjunction with Boeing Australia successfully tested extended range JDAM variants at Woomera Test Range. In 2009, Boeing announced that it will jointly develop the Joint Direct Attack Munition Extended Range (JDAM ER) version with South Korea. The wing kit will triple the range of JDAM to for the same accuracy, and will cost $10,000 per unit. The first prototypes were completed in 2010 or 2011. The wing kits of Australia's JDAM ER weapons will be built by Ferra Engineering. First tests were to be conducted in 2013 with production orders in 2015. In 2010, Boeing proposed adding a jet engine tailkit to the JDAM ER for 10 times greater range. The U. S. Air Force initially showed no interest in the concept, but by 2020 Boeing believed the service had regained interest in acquiring low cost cruise missiles. The Powered JDAM combines a bomb with a wing kit and a propulsion module, giving it the range of more sophisticated missiles through a low cost engine while being cheaper though not having a stealthy shape or the ability to conduct low altitude flights. Though less survivable, Powered JDAMs could be networked to provide a cheap standoff weapon to overwhelm air defense systems. In late February 2023, it was revealed that JDAM ERs would be provided to the Ukrainian Air Force as part of an arms package during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. With a standoff range of up to , it delivers similar range to M142 HIMARS rockets, but with heavier warheads and at a lower cost. Although Russian air defenses force Ukrainian aircraft to fly at extremely low levels, they could pop up and release the bombs on a lofted trajectory to glide toward a target. Ukrainian platforms needed modifications to employ the weapons, as had been done with the AGM 88 HARM. The JDAM ER was already in use by the Ukrainians by the time of the reports of its delivery. Yuriy Ignat, a spokesman for Air Force Command of the Ukrainian Armed Force, told Ukrainian TV that: “These bombs (JDAM) are slightly less powerful, but extremely accurate. I would like to have more such bombs for success at the front,” This comment might be a reference to the fact that these bombs are 500 pounds. As to how many were supplied one US official said “enough to do a couple of strikes.”

On 26 April, the first recorded use of JDAMs, by the Ukrainian Air Force, occurred in Bakhmut. Four 500 pound JDAMs were dropped on a high rise building in the Russian controlled part of the city, the aircraft used appear to be MiG 29s. Both sides have destroyed high rise buildings in Bakhmut to prevent them from being used “as ammo dumps, fighting positions and observation posts.”

In response to Russian use of electronic warfare to jam GPS guided weapons, in May 2024 the U. S. awarded a contract for the acquisition of Home on GPS Jam seekers to be integrated into JDAM wing kits for Ukraine.

In September 2014, the U. S. Air Force performed the first ever drop of a precision guided aerial mine, consisting of a Quickstrike mine equipped with a JDAM kit. The Quickstrike is a Mark 80 series general purpose bomb with the fuze replaced with a target detection device (TDD) to detonate it when a ship passes within lethal range, a safe/arm device in the nose, and a parachute retarder tailkit in the back. Dropping of naval mines has historically been challenging, as the delivery aircraft has to fly low and slow, 500 feet (152 m) at , making it vulnerable to hostile fire. The first aerial mining mission of Operation Desert Storm resulted in the loss of an aircraft, and the U. S. has not flown any combat aerial minings since. The Quickstrike J is a JDAM equipped or version, and the GBU 62B(V 1)/B Quickstrike ER is a or gliding version based on the JDAM ER, which has a range of when launched from 35000 feet (10668 m). Precision airdropping of naval mines is the first advance in aerial mine delivery techniques since World War II. It can increase the survivability of delivery aircraft, since instead of making multiple slow passes at low altitude directly over the area, an aircraft can release all of their mines in a single pass from a standoff distance and altitude. This increases the mines' effectiveness, since instead of laying a random pattern of mines in a loosely defined area, they can be laid directly into harbor mouths, shipping channels, canals, rivers, and inland waterways, reducing the number of mines required and enhancing the possibility of blocking ship transit corridors. Enemy naval ports can be blockaded, and a defensive minefield quickly planted to protect areas threatened by amphibious assault.