Франглий: Француз тіліндегі ағылшын тілінің ықпалы

Mix of French and English
the person

Franglais or Frenglish ('/f//r//ɛ//ŋ//ɡ//l//ɪ//ʃ/ FRENGglish) is a French blend that referred first to the overuse of English words by French speakers and later to diglossia or the macaronic mixture of French (français) and English (anglais).

The word Franglais was first attested in French in 1959, but it was popularised by the academic, novelist, and critic René Étiemble in his denunciation of the overuse of English words in French, Parlez vous franglais? published in 1964. Earlier than the French term was the English label Frenglish, first recorded in 1937. Other colloquial blends for French influenced English include Franglish (recorded from 1967), Frenchlish (1974), and Fringlish (1982).

In French, franglais refers to the use of English words sometimes deemed unwelcome borrowings or bad slang. An example would be le week end (also weekend), which is used in many French dialects which have no synonym; however, Canadians would use la fin de semaine ('the end of the week') instead, although fin de semaine in France refers to the end of the work week, i. e. Thursday and Friday. Franglais also refers to nouns coined from Anglo Saxon roots or from recent English loanwords (themselves not always English in origin), often by adding ing at the end of a popular word—e. g., un parking ('a car park or parking lot' is alternatively un stationnement in Canadian French, although stationnement means 'the action of parking or the state of being parked' in European French); un camping ('a campsite'); and du shampoing ('shampoo', but pronounced ʃɑ̃pwɛ̃, not ), which has been standardized and has appeared on many French hair care product labels since at least the 1960s. A few words which have entered French are derived from English roots but are not found at all in English, such as un relooking ('a makeover'), and un rugbyman ('a rugby player'). Others are based on misunderstandings of English words, e. g.: un footing meaning 'a jog or a run' rather than 'a pediment'; un tramway meaning 'a tram', not 'a tram track'. Still others are based on (with the apostrophe in both singular and plural) meaning 'a lapel pin'; or meaning 'a walkie talkie' (hand held, two way radio). For those who do not speak English, such words may be believed to exist as such in English. However, in Canada, where both English and French are spoken, expressions such as footing and relooking are not used. Some examples of Franglais are in fact imagined or examples of words being adopted from one language into another in the opposite direction of what many people believe. People who have no linguistic training or do not bother to consult dictionaries tend to create and perpetuate such urban legends about Franglais. For example, many numismatists think that the French spelling piéfort of the English term piedfort results from an imagined reintroduction of an English misspelling. In fact, the spelling piéfort is found in French dictionaries as an alternative of pied fort and even as the only spelling given in the 1932–1935 edition of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française and the etymology derived by professional linguists and shown in these dictionaries shows the change in spelling happened within French. Owing to the worldwide popularity of the Internet, relatively new English words have been introduced into French (e. g. e mail and mail, referring to either e mail or an e mail address). An equivalent for the English word e mail derived from French roots was coined in Quebec French and promoted by Quebec government: courriel (from courrier électronique), and this term is now widely used there. The Académie française has also suggested the use of the abbreviation mél. (from message électronique) as an analogy with the abbreviation tél. for 'telephone', to be used before an e mail address; however, the term mél., which roughly approximates the English pronunciation of mail, is now used more broadly in France than that prescribed usage. Another example from French is the word look. The equivalent of the English verb to look at in French is regarder but the noun a look (i. e. the way that something looks or is styled) has become un look in French, such that the sentence "This Pepsi can has a new look" in French would be "Cette cannette de Pepsi a un nouveau look".

Quebec is the only French majority province in Canada and the only "de jure" (but not "de facto") monolingual jurisdiction. New Brunswick is officially bilingual, and the other provinces, while mostly English speaking, are not officially English only. When a speaker uses calques and loanwords in speech which includes English or French words and grammatical structures in a combination, it is sometimes referred to as Franglais, or a mixed language. The Montreal Gazette has examined this so called "linguistic mosaic". Quebec French has longstanding borrowings from English due to the historical coexistence of two speech communities within Quebec (and especially around Montreal). Likewise, Quebec English, the language of the English speaking minority, has borrowed many French words such as dépanneur ('convenience store'), autoroute ('highway'), stage ('internship'), circular ('flyer', from the word circulaire, a circulated pamphlet), and many others These are permanent and longstanding features of local usage, rather than the recent slangish improvisation by any speaker or affinity group with poor knowledge of the other language. Some words are attributed to what is called Joual (French pronunciation: [ʒwal]): the name given by some to linguistic features of what is known as basilectal dialect of French when it is placed on a post creole continuum. These expressions have mainly become part of a common tongue/register born out of mutual concession to each other. In fact, the substantial bilingual community in and around Montreal will occasionally refer to Franglais, usually after it is pointed out by an observer that someone has used various French and English words, expressions or prepositions in the same sentence, a surprisingly common occurrence in various spoken registers.

Canadian French is French as it is spoken in Canada. Scholars debate to what extent language mixture can be distinguished from other mechanisms, such as code switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing. A mixed language arises in a population which is fluent in both languages. The word Franglais refers to the long standing and stable mixes of English and French spoken in some towns, cities, and rural areas of other Canadian provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba, and Newfoundland. Such mixing is used in the northern regions of Maine (U. S.) (see Chiac and Acadian French). It has been asserted that this mix uses approximately equal proportions of each language (except in Newfoundland), although it is more likely to be understood by a French speaker, since it usually uses English words in French pronunciation and grammar. Franglais is commonly spoken in French language schools in Ontario and Alberta, as well as in DSFM (Division scolaire franco manitobaine) schools in Manitoba, where students may speak French as their first language but will use English as their preferred language, yet will refer to school related terms in French specifically (e. g. "Let's go to the bibliothèque", instead of "Let's go to the library"). As many French schools and French immersion classes have a strict "French only" policy, English or Franglais is used out of class, between students. Because of bilingual product packaging, speakers and readers may form new pronunciations that become terms. For example, someone may pronounce the words on a package of strong cheddar and call it "old fort".

Franglais, in the sense of mistaken usage by second language speakers, occurs across Canada. An example of an anglicism turned Franglais is the mistranslation of English phrases into French by students who are unaware of the Canadian French word. For example, a hot dog is sometimes called un chien chaud when the French word is simply un hot dog. (However, the Quebec government has itself promoted expressions such as chien chaud for 'hot dog', and hambourgeois for 'hamburger', neither of which has gained widespread acceptance.) In some ways, confusion over which expression is more correct, and the emphasis that many immersion schools place on eliminating anglicisms from students' vocabulary, has promoted the use of Franglais. Franglais can also slowly creep into use from mispronunciation and misspelling by many bilingual Canadians. Common mistakes that immersion or bilingual students propagate include incorrect inflection and stresses on syllables, incorrect doubling of consonants, strange vowel combinations in their spelling and using combinations of prefixes and suffixes from English. Recently, Canadian youth culture (especially in British Columbia and southeastern Ontario) purposely uses Franglais for its comical or euphemistic characteristics, for example, in replacing English swear words with French ones. Some English speaking Canadians, especially Anglo Quebecers and those in southeastern Ontario, euphemistically use the [[Quebec French profanity (i. e., religious words such as sacrament as expletives) rather than swearing in English.

There is a particular form of Franglish which consists of the adoption of English words with alternative meanings to their usage in English. These are words like forcing ('a scramble', 'a rush', 'a strong effort'), or bronzing ('a tan', 'the act of sunbathing'), made by adding the English ending ing to a verb from French (e. g. forcer 'to force' or bronzer 'to tan') to form a new noun. These are slang or informal at best, and not widely accepted. Another type of false anglicism comes from the shortening of an English name, keeping only the first word (while the important word is the last). For example, a dress suit is designated by the word smoking, borrowed ultimately from 'smoking jacket'. Yet the British use dinner jacket and Americans use tuxedo (or tux); in English, smoking is used only as a participle and as the gerund. Another example is the use of the word clap for 'clapperboard' used in filmmaking. They are either French constructions which mimic English rules, or shifts of meaning which affect borrowings.

Cameroon has substantial English and French speaking populations as a legacy of its colonial past as British Southern Cameroons and French Cameroun. Despite linguistically segregated education since independence, many younger Cameroonians in urban centres have formed a version of Franglais/Franglish from English, French and Cameroonian Pidgin English known as Camfranglais or Frananglais. Many educational authorities disapprove of it, and they have banned it in their schools. Nevertheless, the youth culture argot has gained popularity and has a growing music scene.

Franglais is spoken in London, due to its large French speaking population. Franglais also thrives in communities where imperfect English–French bilingualism is common. The United Nations Office at Geneva is so named in an imitation of the French à Genève, rather than the expected "in Geneva". Another example is provided by the civil servants in European Union institutions (European Parliament, European Commission, European Court of Justice), based in bilingual Brussels (French and Dutch) and Luxembourg City (Luxembourgish and German). They often work in English, but they are surrounded by a French speaking environment, which influences their English (e. g. "I'm a stagiaire at the Commission and I'm looking for another stage in a consultancy", referring to internships).

A notable song with substantial Franglais lyrics was "(Si Si) Je Suis un Rock Star", written and recorded by Bill Wyman. The record reached #14 in the UK Singles Chart in 1981. The song "Je Suis Une Dolly" by Dolly Rockers references French culture whilst singing to a Frenchman. The song "For Me, for Me, Formidable" by Charles Aznavour relates the struggle of a French singer trying to sing a love song to an English girl. The song "I Want to Pogne" by Rock et Belles Oreilles. "It is not because you are" by Renaud. "I went to the market, mon p'tit panier sous mon bras", a popular Acadian song made famous by Gilles Vigneault. "Michelle" by the Beatles ('Michelle, ma belle, these are words that go together well: ma Michelle' and more). "L'amour à la française", French entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007. Québécois musician Daniel Lanois has written many songs in Franglais, including "O Marie" and "Under a Stormy Sky" from his 1989 album Acadie and "The Collection of Marie Claire" from his 1993 album For the Beauty of Wynona.