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Eating disorder characterized by overeating

Binge eating is one of the most prevalent eating disorders among adults, though there tends to be less media coverage and research about the disorder in comparison to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

The 2017 update to the American version of the ICD 10 includes BED under F50.81. ICD 11 may contain a dedicated entry (6B62), defining BED as frequent, recurrent episodes of binge eating (once a week or more over a period of several months) which are not regularly followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors aimed at preventing weight gain. According to the World Health Organization's ICD 11 classification of BED, the severity of the disorder can be classified as mild (1 3 episodes/week), moderate (4 7 episodes/week), severe (8 13 episodes/week) and extreme (>14 episodes/week).

Initially considered a topic for further research exploration, binge eating disorder was first included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1994 simply as a feature of eating disorder. In 2013 it gained formal recognition as a psychiatric condition in the DSM 5. Because it was not a recognized psychiatric disorder in the DSM until 2013, it has been difficult to obtain insurance reimbursement for treatments. The disorder now has its own category under DSM 5, which outlines the signs and symptoms that must be present to classify a person's behavior as binge eating disorder. Studies have confirmed the high predictive value of these criteria for diagnosing BED. One study claims that the method for diagnosing BED is for a clinician to conduct a structured interview using the DSM 5 criteria or taking the Eating Disorder Examination. Further, the remission states are classified under the following. Partial Remission: Following a previous diagnosis, the average frequency of binge eating episodes decreases to less than one episode per week for a sustained period of time. Full Remission: Following a previous diagnosis, none of the criteria have been met for a sustained period of time.

Counselling and some medication, such as certain stimulants (e. g. lisdexamfetamine), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and GLP 1 receptor agonists, may help those affected by BED. Some recommend a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of the disorder. Recent reviews have concluded that psychological interventions such as psychotherapy and behavioral interventions are more effective than pharmacological interventions for the treatment of binge eating disorder. Behavioral weight loss treatment has been proven to be effective as a means to achieve weight loss amongst patients.

Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) is a medication approved by the US FDA in January 2015 to treat moderate to severe binge eating disorder in adults. As of 2023, it remains the only medication with specific FDA approval for BED. Trials of antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and anti obesity medications suggest that these medications are superior to placebo in reducing binge eating. Medications are not considered the treatment of choice because psychotherapeutic approaches, such as CBT, are more effective than medications for binge eating disorder. A meta analysis concluded that using medications did not reduce binge eating episodes and BMI posttreatment at 6–12 months. This indicates a potential possibility of relapse after withdrawal from the medications. GLP 1 receptor agonist medications such as semaglutide (Ozempic), dulaglutide (Trulicity), and liraglutide (Saxenda) have been used for treating BED in recent years. Often prescribed for lowering appetite and subsequent weight loss in obese and diabetic patients, they can successfully stop or reduce obsessive thoughts about food, binging urges, and other impulsive behaviors. Some users of these drugs have reported a major, sudden improvement in what is colloquially known as "food noise" – constant, unstoppable thoughts about eating despite not being physically hungry – which can be a symptom of BED. This is a promising treatment, however more research is needed as of January 2024.

Bariatric surgery has also been proposed as another approach to treat BED and a recent meta analysis showed that approximately two thirds of individuals who seek this type of surgery for weight loss purposes have BED. Bariatric surgery recipients who had BED prior to receiving the surgery tend to have poorer weight loss outcomes and are more likely to continue to exhibit eating behaviors characteristic of BED. Individuals who have BED commonly have other comorbidities such as major depressive disorder, personality disorder, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, body dysmorphic disorder, kleptomania, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, or an anxiety disorder. Individuals may also exhibit varying degrees of panic attacks and a history of attempted suicide. may also be present. One study found a 42% obesity rate in those who have received a BED diagnosis. BED cases usually occur between the ages of 12.4 and 24.7, but prevalence rates increase until the age of 40. The limited amount of research that has been done on BED shows that rates of binge eating disorder are fairly comparable among men and women. The lifetime prevalence of binge eating disorder has been observed in studies to be 2.0 percent for men and 3.5 percent for women, higher than that of the commonly recognized eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. However another systematic literature review found the prevalence average to be about 2.3% in women and about 0.3% in men. This same review also found that the 12 month prevalence rates vary between 0.1 percent to 8.8 percent. Furthermore, adolescent and young adult sexual minority males binge at higher rates than their heterosexual counterparts.

Due to limited and inconsistent information and research on ethnic and racial differences, prevalence rates are hard to determine for BED. while some studies have shown that binge eating disorder is more common among black women than among white women. One literature review found information citing no difference between BED prevalence among Hispanic, African American, and White women while other information found that BED prevalence was highest among Hispanics followed by Black individuals and finally White people. The likelihood of reporting eating disorder symptoms is also lower in some groups, including African Americans. The costs associated with specialized mental health care pose another barrier for low socioeconomic status individuals. Increasing globalization has influenced the prevalence of eating disorders outside of the West. The prevalence of BED is lower in Nordic countries compared to Europe in a study that included Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland. The point prevalence ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 percent and the lifetime prevalence ranged from 0.7 to 5.8 percent for BED in women. Therefore, this particular study found that the prevalence for BED is higher in these Latin American countries compared to Western countries.

BED is co morbid with diabetes, hypertension, previous stroke, and heart disease in some individuals. Over 57% of people with BED are female

The disorder was first described in 1959 by psychiatrist and researcher Albert Stunkard as "night eating syndrome" (NES). The term "binge eating" was coined to describe the same bingeing type eating behavior but without the exclusive nocturnal component. There is generally less research on binge eating disorder in comparison to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.