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Form of bowling
The ball used in candlepins has a maximum weight of , and has a diameter of , If more than one player is playing on the same lane at the same time, bowlers will typically roll two complete boxes before yielding the lane to the next bowler. In the tenth box, play is similar, except that a player scoring a strike is granted two additional balls, scoring a spare earns one additional ball. Three balls are rolled in the tenth box regardless. In league play, a bowler may roll two or five boxes at a time, depending on the rules of the league. The five box format is sometimes called a "speed league," and this format is also typical for tournament play. When a bowler is rolling blocks of five boxes, each period is typically called a "half."

A foul (scored by an F on some computer scoring systems) refers to a ball that first rolls into the gutter and then strikes deadwood (felled pins resting in the gutter) or hops out of the gutter and strikes a standing pin, a "lob" bed ball that touches neither the approach, nor lane in the three meters' distance of lanebed before the lob line, or as in tenpins and duckpins, a roll made by a bowler's foot crossing over the foot foul line shared by nearly all bowling sports. Special scoring comes into play. A foul always scores zero (0) pinfall for that ball's delivery. A player may reset the pins after a foul on the first or second ball provided no pins have legally been felled in that box. Therefore, if on the first ball there is a foul or zero, and on the second ball the bowler fouls and knocks down pins, the pins may be reset, allowing the bowler an opportunity to score a ten box on their third ball. Knocking down all ten pins after resetting immediately following a foul in the first ball results in a spare. Fouling on all three attempts scores a zero box. If the first ball knocked down at least one pin, the rack can not be reset because of a subsequent foul. Those pins felled by a foul ball (a ball rolled into the gutter, a lobbed ball, a ball delivered by a bowler over the foot foul line)—whether standing, playable wood, or pins in the gutter—remain down and reduce the maximum number of pins to be counted for the box. Therefore, if there are six pins standing after the first ball, a foul on the next ball that manages to knock down the remaining six pins means that the frame is finished, with a score of 4. However, if the foul ball knocked down only some of the six standing pins, a third ball may still be rolled to attempt to knock down the remaining upright pins. In this example, the raw score might appear to be "4 4 2 = X", but after adjusting for the foul second ball, the true score is "4 F 2 = 6". Similar logic holds when rolling two good balls and fouling in the third attempt: the frame is over and only the pins felled in the first two attempts are recorded for the score for that box. as with ten pin, candlepins were set by workers called "pinboys".

One point is scored for each pin that is knocked over. So, in a hypothetical game, if player A felled 3 pins with their first ball, then 5 with their second, and 1 with the third, they would receive a total of 9 points for that box. If player B knocks down 9 pins with their first shot, but misses with their second and third, they would also score 9. In the event that all ten pins are felled by any one player in a single box, by no more than two throws (just as in tenpins) bonuses are awarded for a strike or spare. A strike is achieved with just the first delivery downing all ten pins, with a spare needing two throws, again just as in the tenpin sport. In a strike, the bonus for a box adds 10 plus the amount of pins felled by the next two shots. In a spare, the bonus for a box adds 10 plus the amount of pins on the next shot. If all ten pins are felled by rolling all three balls in a box, the result is a ten box, marked by an X (as in the Roman numeral for ten) but no additional points are awarded. (In tenpin bowling, a strike is often scored with an X). Despite it never having been achieved as yet, is identical to that of duckpins, as it is the other major form of bowling that uses three balls per frame.

The candlepin scoring sheet is different from either tenpins or duckpins, in that it is usually oriented vertically, with two columns of squares in a two square wide, ten square tall arrangement to score one string for one player. The left hand column is used to detail the "per box" score, with the cumulative total being recorded down the sheet as each box is rolled in the right hand column of squares, in a top down order from the first box to the tenth. Spares and strikes are also marked uniquely in candlepins. Spares are recorded in a box by coloring in the left upper corner of the appropriate left hand square (using a triangular shape to "fill in the corner"). If a strike is recorded, opposing corners of the left hand square are similarly colored in, while leaving sufficient space between the "filled in" opposing corners, to record the score from the two succeeding balls' "fill" total for the strike. A common (albeit unofficial) practice is to mark a strike on a strike's bonus ball (double strike) by shading in the remaining two corners of the first strike.

Correct calculation of bonus points can be a bit tricky, especially when combinations of strikes and spares come in successive boxes. In modern times, however, this has been overcome with automated scoring systems. When a scoring system is "automated", the bowler only has to bowl. It keeps score and will reset the pinsetter after three balls are thrown or all 10 pins have been knocked down. If a scoring system is "semiautomated", the bowler has to enter the score but the computer will keep track of it. The bowler needs to press a button at the end of the ball return to receive a new "rack" of pins.

Many candlepin terms denote combinations of pins left standing after the first ball has been rolled. Examples of these terms include:
King pin The 5 pin, which is in the center of the pins, and directly behind the head pin. It is sometimes said that a player will get "one a game" referring to the Half Worcester. Full Worcester Knocking down 2–3–8–9, or two Half Worcesters. Quarter Worcester Another term derived from the Half Worcester, knocking down half as many pins—either just the 2 pin or just the 3 pin. Triple A three game series. When spoken, it follows a rough total of the series, such as "500 triple," meaning the bowler rolled 500 or more for three games. Triple can also refer to three consecutive Strikes rolled by a bowler – other forms of Bowling would call this a "Turkey". Hammer A strike where all 10 pins are felled in an almost simultaneous fashion. Hi Lo Jack A leave of the # 1, 7 and 10 pins. This shot was also set up for both competitors to attempt at the conclusion of the weekly WCVB/WHDH "Candlepin Bowling" program hosted by Don Gillis/Jim Britt which ran from 1958 1996. For each week the shot was not made, the "Hi Lo Jackpot" would increase by $25.00. Woolworth Split a leave where only the # 5 and 10 pins remain. This is a reference to the once ubiquitous "5 and 10" stores found in many towns across the United States.

In one episode of The Simpsons, the family travels to Boston. While in the city, Bart tries to convince Homer that Boston is not a bad city and takes him candlepin bowling. Homer gets skeptical at first, but likes it in the end. In an episode of Julia, Hunter and Paul play candlepin bowling while Julia, Russ, and Alice are filming at the White House.

Candlepin bowling is featured in a scene in The Tender Bar (2021). It is also featured in a scene in The Holdovers (2023).