Немец тілінде ағылшын тілінің ықпалы: «Denglisch» құбылысы

Mixture of German and English languages

Denglisch is a term describing the increased use of anglicisms and pseudo anglicisms in the German language. It is a portmanteau of the German words Deutsch (German) and Englisch. The term is first recorded from 1965. The word has been adopted in English in an anglicized form as Denglish, recorded from 1996. The standard German reference work Duden defines it as "a pejorative term for German with too many English expressions mixed in." Other sources use words with aggressive, hostile, or negative connotations to describe it such as "a persistent infiltration", an "invasion", "onslaught", or "attack", or that it is "corrupting the language" or is an "infectious disease". Another set of terms is based on the word German. These include (chronologically) Germenglish (first recorded 1936), Germanglish (1967), Gerglish (1968), Germish (1972), Germlish (1974), Genglish (1977), Ginglish (1989), Germinglish (1996), and Gernglish (1996).

Some influence of English on German is expected as part of normal language contact. The term Denglisch refers to abundant or excessive use of anglicisms or pseudo anglicisms in German. The introduction of English buzzwords peaked during the 1990s and the early 2000s. Since then, the ubiquity of the practice has made it much less fashionable or prestigious, and several commentators have argued against it. Zeit Online (whose title is itself an example of the prevalence of anglicisms in German IT terminology) criticized the ubiquitous use of English in a 2007 article. Frankfurter Allgemeine satirized this choice at the time of its introduction, and later wrote that even the English speaking sphere was mocking "German linguistic submissiveness".

Words and expressions labeled as Denglisch can come from various sources, including loanwords, calques, anglicisms, pseudo anglicisms, or adoption of non native grammar, syntax, or spelling.

German vocabulary has numerous cases of English loanwords now fully "naturalized" as German words, including full inflection. English had only very limited influence on German before the mid 19th century. Such loanwords as there are mostly concern nautical vocabulary, loaned into Low German (e. g. tank, ultimately from Indo Aryan; Tanker (tanker (ship)) is early 20th century). In the 19th century, it was still more common to use loan translation for the vocabulary of industrialisation (Dampfmaschine for "steam engine", Pferdestärke for "horse power", etc.). To some extent, this continued in the early 20th century: Wolkenkratzer for "skyscraper", Kaugummi for "chewing gum", Flutlicht for "flood light", Fernsehen for "television". English loanwords became more common in the early 20th century. A notable example from this period is Test (ultimately from Old French test "earthen pot"). Test was compatible both with German phonology and orthography so its nature as a loan is not evident. Early loanwords (19th to early 20th century) often describe garments or foodstuffs: Jumper (19th century), Curry (19th century loan from English, ultimately from Tamil), Pyjama (early 20th century loan from English pyjamas, ultimately from Urdu), Trenchcoat (1920s). Other loanwords are boykottieren "to boycott" (1890s) and Star. Direct influence of English, especially via US pop culture, became far more pronounced after the end of World War II, with allied occupied Germany and later by association with 1960s to 1970s US counterculture: Jeep, Quiz, Show, Western, Rock, Hippie, Groupie. The newest and most prolific wave of anglicisms arose after 1989 with the end of the Cold War and the surge of the "Anglo Saxon" smack of economic liberalism in continental Europe and the associated business jargon ("CEO" became extremely fashionable in German, replacing traditional terms such as Direktor, Geschäftsführer, Vorsitzender during the 1990s). At the same time, the rapid development of information technology pushed many technical terms from that field into everyday language. Many of the more recent loans have developed in the spoken language and are still clearly felt to be English words, so their English orthography is retained in written communication, which leads to awkward spellings combining German morphemes with English word stems, as in gebootet ("booted up" of a computer) or gecrasht or gecrashed ("crashed", of a computer), downgeloadet, gedownloadet or gedownloaded ("downloaded"). They also retain English phonology in many cases, including phonemes that do not exist in Standard German (such as the /eɪ/ in "update").

A pseudo anglicism is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but is not used by native English speakers. Pseudo anglicism Meaning Remarks Basecap baseball cap Fotoshooting photo shoot Handy mobile phone Showmaster TV show host/emcee trampen hitchhiking Youngtimer an old, but not yet vintage or classic car derived from the German Oldtimer, meaning vintage or classic car (or aircraft), itself derived from the more general (non car specific) English oldtimer.

Many words are taken over as is from English, with little or no change in spelling even if it doesn't fit the German orthographic system. One German source laments the presence of Denglisch as an "infectious disease" of "raging anglicitis" in the German language, which manifests as a kind of "hybrid communications medium". It gives as examples the words events, economy, performance, entertainment, or electronic cash appearing in German. Some major companies such as Deutsche Bank now conduct much of their business in English, while several departments of the major German telephone company Deutsche Telekom were known as "T Home" (formerly "T Com"), "T Mobile", "T Online", and "T Systems". Reinventing titles for English language films dubbed into German was once a common practice so, for example, Paul Landres's 1958 Western Man from God's Country became Männer, die in Stiefeln sterben (i. e. Men Who Die with Their Boots on. ), while Raoul Walsh's 1941 film
They Died with Their Boots On became Sein letztes Kommando (His Last Command) or Der Held des Westens (The Hero of the West). Most current American film titles are no longer translated into German, (Ice Age) although they still often receive German appendages like Prometheus – Dunkle Zeichen (Prometheus – Dark Signs) or include puns not present in the original title, such as Clerks – Die Ladenhüter for Clerks – The Shelf Warmers. Menus of many global fast food chains also usually go partly or completely untranslated: "Double Whopper (formally: Doppel Whopper) mit leckerem Bacon und Cheddar Cheese."

The popular German a cappella group Wise Guys produced a song on their Radio album called "Denglisch", a tongue in cheek look at the use of English words in German language. In the song, the lyrics start out mostly German with only a few English words creeping in: "Oh, Herr, bitte gib mir meine Sprache zurück!" (O Lord, please give me my language back!). It progresses to most of the lyrics being English: "O Lord, please gib mir meine Language back". The tune is a parody of My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean. In 1985, the famous German poetic songwriter Reinhard Mey recorded "Mey English Song" as a parody on the increasingly frequent playing of English songs on the radio, although the fans "only understand 'railway station'" (literal translation of the German idiom "verstehe nur Bahnhof"; "cannot understand a thing"). In the song, he states, his producer told him, "Well, what do we now for record sell? ", urging Mey to sing in English. In an episode of the web series Will It Blend? Tom puts a German English/English German CD dictionary into his blender. After he finishes blending the dictionary, he says, "Denglish smoke! Don't breathe this!" The book I like you – und du? features frequent code switching between English and German. The songs of Austrian singer Falco, while primarily sung in German, would often include lines or choruses sung in English. This casual mixing of languages became a signature of the artist. The punk rock band Goldfinger from Los Angeles produced a cover of "99 Luftballons" by Nena for their 2000 album Stomping Ground in which the fourth verse is in German. They also included a "Germish version" of their song Spokesman as a bonus track on their 2002 album Open Your Eyes, containing a mostly German second verse. The American Civil War song "I'm Going to Fight Mit Sigel" is sung in English, interspersed with German words, from the point of view of a German American soldier fighting under General Franz Sigel. The Austrian composer and singer Udo Jürgens produced a song "Merry Christmas allerseits" (Merry Christmas to All) for his 2003 album Es werde Licht meine Winter + Weihnachtslieder (Let There be Light My Winter and Christmas Songs), containing a mixture of English and German lyrics.