Мұзыкалық әріптермен дыбық белгілеуі

Musical nomenclature with letters to indicate pitch

In music, letter notation is a system of representing a set of pitches, for example, the notes of a scale, by letters. For the complete Western diatonic scale, for example, these would be the letters A G, possibly with a trailing symbol to indicate a half step raise (sharp, ) or a half step lowering (flat, ). This is the most common way of specifying a note in speech or in written text in English or German. In Germany, Scandinavia, and parts of Central and Eastern Europe, H is used instead of B, and B is used instead of B. In traditional Irish music, where almost all tunes are restricted to two octaves, for notes in the lower octave to written in lower case while those in the upper octave to be written in upper case. If we consider the chromatic scale, new sounds are obtained by lowering or raising the 7 diatonic notes by a semitone by means of flats (♭) and sharps (♯). Use of solfege or letter names depends on language. For a more complete table and explanation, see Musical note. Diatonic scale note first second thirdfourth fifth sixth seventhSolfege/Italian do   re   mi fa   sol   la   siVariations ut       so     tiSharp  do♯   re♯    fa♯   sol♯   la♯  Flat  re♭   mi♭    sol♭   la♭   si♭  EnglishC D EF G A BSharp  C sharp   D sharp    F sharp   G sharp   A sharp  Flat  D flat   E flat    G flat   A flat   B flat  German C   D   E F   G   A   HSharp  Cis   Dis    Fis   Gis   Ais  Flat  Des   Es    Ges   As   B

Western letter pitch notation has the virtue of identifying discrete pitches, but among its disadvantages are its occasional inability to represent pitches or inflections lying outside those theoretically derived, or (leaving aside chordal and tablature notations) representing the relationship between pitches—e. g., it does not indicate the difference between a whole step and a half step, knowledge of which was so critical to Medieval and Renaissance performers and theorists.

The earliest known letter notation in the Western musical tradition appear in the textbook on music De institutione musica by the 6th century philosopher Boethius. A modified form is next found in the Dialogus de musica (ca. 1000) by Pseudo Odo, in a discussion of the division of the monochord.

Letter notation is the most common way of indicating chords for accompaniment, such as guitar chords, for example B7. The bass note may be specified after a /, for example C/G is a C major chord with a G bass. Where a capo is indicated, there is little standardisation. For example, after capo 3, most music sheets will write A to indicate a C chord, that is, they give the chord shape rather than its pitch, but some specify it as C, others give two lines, either the C on top and the A on the bottom or vice versa. A few even use the /, writing C/A or A/C, but this notation is more commonly used for specifying a bass note and will confuse most guitarists.

In the context of a piece of music, notes must be named for their diatonic functionality. For example, in the key of D major, it is not generally correct to specify G as a melodic note, although its pitch may be the same as F, as F is diatonic to D major, while G is not. (In many tuning systems other than twelve tone equal temperament, the pitch of G is not the same as that of F). This is normally only an issue in describing the notes corresponding to the black keys of the piano; there is little temptation to write C as B although both may be valid names of the same note. Each is correct in its context. Note names are also used for specifying the natural scale of a transposing instrument such as a clarinet, trumpet, or saxophone. The note names used are conventional, for example a clarinet is said to be in B, E, or A (the three most common registers), never in A, and D, and B (double flat), while an alto flute is in G.