Введение
Обзор транспорта в Канаде
Overview of transportation in Canada
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Канада, вторая по величине страна в мире по общей площади, стремится к эффективной многомодальной транспортной системе с высокой пропускной способностью, охватывающей часто огромные расстояния между местами добычи природных ресурсов, сельскохозяйственными и городскими районами. Транспортная система Канады включает в себя более 100 000 км дорог, 10 крупных международных аэропортов, 300 небольших аэропортов, более 70 000 км действующих железнодорожных путей и более 300 коммерческих портов и гаваней, обеспечивающих доступ к Тихому, Атлантическому и Арктическому океанам, а также к Великим озерам и судоходному каналу Святого Лаврентия. В 2005 году транспортный сектор составлял 4,2% ВВП Канады, по сравнению с 3,7% для горнодобывающей промышленности Канады и добычи нефти и газа. Transport Canada осуществляет надзор и регулирование большинства аспектов транспорта в пределах федеральной юрисдикции, включая межпровинциальные перевозки. Это в основном включает железнодорожный, воздушный и морской транспорт. Transport Canada находится под руководством министра транспорта федерального правительства. Совет по безопасности на транспорте Канады отвечает за поддержание безопасности на транспорте в Канаде путем расследования происшествий и выработки рекомендаций по безопасности. +Валовой внутренний продукт, транспортная отрасль, 2005
Overview of transportation in Canada
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Европейский контакт
Overview of transportation in Canada
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
До прибытия европейских поселенцев коренные народы Канады передвигались пешком. Они также использовали каноэ, каяки, умиаки и плоты-быки, а зимой – снегоступы, сани и волокуши. У них не было колесных транспортных средств и животных крупнее собак. Европейцы переняли использование каноэ, продвигаясь вглубь континента, и таким образом смогли путешествовать по водным путям, питаемым рекой Святого Лаврентия и заливом Гудзона. В XIX и начале XX века для транспортировки использовались волы, запряженные в телеги Red River, или лошади, запряженные в повозки. Морские перевозки осуществлялись вручную, например, на каноэ, или с помощью парусов. Скорость передвижения по воде или суше составляла примерно 3-5 км/ч. Поселения располагались вдоль речных путей. Сельскохозяйственная продукция была скоропортящейся, а торговые центры находились в сельской местности вокруг деревень, на расстоянии примерно 8-16 км друг от друга. Появление паровых железных дорог и пароходов в конце XIX века связало ресурсы и рынки на огромных расстояниях. Федеральное министерство транспорта (созданное 2 ноября 1936 года) осуществляло надзор за железными дорогами, каналами, портами, морским и судоходным транспортом, гражданской авиацией, радиосвязью и метеорологией. Закон о транспорте 1938 года и измененный Закон о железных дорогах передали контроль и регулирование перевозчиков в руки Комиссии по транспорту Канады. Королевская комиссия по транспорту была создана 29 декабря 1948 года для изучения транспортного обслуживания во всех регионах Канады с целью устранения экономических или географических недостатков. Комиссия также пересмотрела Закон о железных дорогах, чтобы обеспечить единые, но конкурентоспособные тарифы на перевозку грузов. В 2009 году в Канаде было зарегистрировано 20 706 616 автотранспортных средств, из которых 96% были транспортными средствами весом менее 4,5 тонны, 2,4% – от 4,5 до 15 тонн и 1,6% – свыше 15 тонн. Эти транспортные средства проехали в общей сложности 333,29 миллиарда километров, из которых 303,6 миллиарда километров – на транспортных средствах весом менее 4,5 тонны, 8,3 миллиарда километров – на транспортных средствах от 4,5 до 15 тонн и 21,4 миллиарда километров – на транспортных средствах весом более 15 тонн. Для грузовиков весом от 4,5 до 15 тонн 88,9% пробега приходилось на внутрипровинциальные поездки, 4,9% – на межпровинциальные, 2,8% – на поездки между Канадой и США и 3,4% – за пределы Канады. Для грузовиков весом более 15 тонн 59,1% пробега приходилось на внутрипровинциальные поездки, 20% – на межпровинциальные, 13,8% – на поездки между Канадой и США и 7,1% – за пределы Канады. Автомобили Канады потребляют в общей сложности бензина и дизельного топлива. На международном уровне Канада имеет дорожные связи как с 48 штатами США, так и с Аляской. Министерство транспорта поддерживает дорожную сеть в Онтарио и также использует сотрудников транспортного надзора для обеспечения соблюдения Закона о транспорте Канады и связанных с ним правил. Департамент транспорта в Нью-Брансуике выполняет аналогичную задачу в этой провинции. Нормативные акты, принятые в отношении канадских автомагистралей, – это Закон о безопасности автотранспортных средств 1971 года и Закон о дорожном движении 1990 года. Безопасность дорог Канады находится на умеренно хорошем уровне по международным стандартам и улучшается как с точки зрения количества происшествий на душу населения, так и на миллиард километров пробега транспортных средств.
Overview of transportation in Canada
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Воздушный транспорт
Overview of transportation in Canada
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Воздушный транспорт обеспечивал 9% генерации ВВП транспортного сектора в 2005 году. Крупнейшим авиаперевозчиком Канады и ее национальным авиаперевозчиком является Air Canada, которая обслужила 34 миллиона клиентов в 2006 году и, по состоянию на апрель 2010 года, эксплуатирует 363 самолета (включая Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, крупнейший в мире оператор коммерческих вертолетов, занимает второе место с 142 самолетами.
Overview of transportation in Canada
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Канадское транспортное агентство использует сотрудников транспортного надзора для поддержания стандартов безопасности полетов и проведения периодических проверок самолетов всех авиаперевозчиков. Канадское управление безопасности воздушного транспорта отвечает за безопасность воздушного движения в Канаде. В 1994 году была принята Национальная политика в отношении аэропортов.
Overview of transportation in Canada
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Основные аэропорты
Overview of transportation in Canada
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Из более чем 1800 зарегистрированных канадских аэродромов, сертифицированных аэропортов, вертолетных площадок и баз гидросамолетов 26 были специально обозначены в рамках Национальной системы аэропортов Канады (NAS): это включает в себя все аэропорты, обслуживающие 200 000 или более пассажиров в год, а также основной аэропорт, обслуживающий каждую федеральную, провинциальную и территориальную столицу. Однако с момента введения этой политики был добавлен только один аэропорт – аэропорт Икалуит, и ни один аэропорт не был исключен, несмотря на то, что количество пассажиров упало ниже 200 000. Правительство Канады, за исключением трех территориальных столиц, сохраняет право собственности на эти аэропорты и сдает их в аренду местным органам власти. Следующий уровень состоит из 64 региональных/местных аэропортов, ранее принадлежавших федеральному правительству, большинство из которых теперь переданы другим владельцам (в основном муниципалитетам).
Overview of transportation in Canada
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Overview of transportation in Canada
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Canada, the world's second largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries. Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within federal jurisdiction, including interprovincial transport. This primarily includes rail, air and maritime transportation. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. +Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005
European contact
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs. Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately
Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century. The Federal Department of Transport (established November 2, 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight rates. In 2009, there were 20,706,616 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96% were vehicles under , 2.4% were vehicles between and 1.6% were or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 333.29 billion kilometres, of which 303.6 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 8.3 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.4 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 88.9% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 4.9% were inter province, 2.8% were between Canada and the US and 3.4% made outside of Canada. For the trucks over 15 tonnes, 59.1% of vehicle kilometres were intra province trips, 20% inter province trips, 13.8% Canada US trips and 7.1% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of of gasoline and of diesel. Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska. The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations. The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act. The safety of Canada's roads is moderately good by international standards, and is improving both in terms of accidents per head of population and per billion vehicle kilometers. Air transport
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and, as of April 2010, operates 363 aircraft (including Air Canada Jazz). CHC Helicopter, the largest commercial helicopter operator in the world, is second with 142 aircraft
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted
Principal airports
Of over 1,800 registered Canadian aerodromes, certified airports, heliports, and floatplane bases, 26 are specially designated under Canada's National Airports System (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. However, since the introduction of the policy only one, Iqaluit Airport, has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers. The Government of Canada, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities). ||align="right"|2.0% 2 Vancouver International Airport Vancouver 26,395,820 1.8% 3 Montréal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Montreal 20,305,106 4.5% 4 Calgary International Airport Calgary 17,957,780 3.5% 5 Edmonton International Airport Edmonton 8,151,532 1.2% 6 Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa 5,106,487 0.1% 7 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport Winnipeg 4,484,249 0.0% 8 Halifax Stanfield International Airport Halifax 4,188,4433.0% 9 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto − 10 Kelowna International Airport Kelowna 2,032,144 1.3%
Железные дороги
В 2007 году в Канаде было в общей сложности железных дорог для грузовых и пассажирских перевозок, из которых электрифицирована часть. Хотя междугородние пассажирские перевозки железнодорожным транспортом в настоящее время весьма ограничены, грузовые перевозки по железной дороге остаются распространенными. Общий доход от железнодорожных услуг в 2006 году составил 10,4 миллиарда долларов, из которых лишь 2,8% пришлось на пассажирские перевозки. Ежегодно обычно зарабатывается около 11 миллиардов долларов, из которых 3,2% – от пассажиров, а остальное – от грузовых перевозок. Канадская национальная железная дорога (Canadian National Railway) и Canadian Pacific Kansas City – две крупнейшие канадские грузовые железнодорожные компании, каждая из которых осуществляет деятельность по всей Северной Америке. В 2007 году по железной дороге было перевезено 357 миллиардов тонно-километров грузов, и 4,33 миллиона пассажиров проехали 1,44 миллиарда пассажирских километров (что является незначительным объемом по сравнению с 491 миллиардом пассажирских километров, пройденных на легковых автомобилях). В том же году в железнодорожной отрасли было занято 34 281 человек. Общенациональные пассажирские перевозки осуществляет федеральная государственная корпорация Via Rail. Пригородные железнодорожные перевозки доступны в трех канадских городах: в районе Монреаля – Exo, в районе Торонто – GO Transit и в районе Ванкувера – West Coast Express. Небольшие железные дороги, такие как Ontario Northland, Rocky Mountaineer и Algoma Central, также курсируют пассажирские поезда в отдаленные сельские районы. В Канаде железные дороги используют стандартную колею и рельсы USG. Подробнее о ширине колеи в Канаде – см. соответствующую статью. Канада имеет железнодорожное сообщение с 48 штатами США, но не имеет сообщения с Аляской, хотя проект линии был предложен. Других международных железнодорожных связей нет.
In 2007, Canada had a total of of freight and passenger railway, of which is electrified. While intercity passenger transportation by rail is now very limited, freight transport by rail remains common. Total revenues of rail services in 2006 was $10.4 billion, of which only 2.8% was from passenger services. In a year are usually earned about $11 billion, of which 3.2% is from passengers and the rest from freight. The Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Kansas City are Canada's two major freight railway companies, each having operations throughout North America. In 2007, 357 billion tonne kilometres of freight were transported by rail, and 4.33 million passengers travelled 1.44 billion passenger kilometres (an almost negligible amount compared to the 491 billion passenger kilometres made in light road vehicles). 34,281 people were employed by the rail industry in the same year. Nationwide passenger services are provided by the federal crown corporation Via Rail. Three Canadian cities have commuter rail services: in the Montreal area by Exo, in the Toronto area by GO Transit, and in the Vancouver area by West Coast Express. Smaller railways such as Ontario Northland, Rocky Mountaineer, and Algoma Central also run passenger trains to remote rural areas. In Canada railways are served by standard gauge, ussg, rails. See also track gauge in Canada. Canada has railway links with the lower 48 US States, but no connection with Alaska, although a line has been proposed. There are no other international rail connections.
Водные пути
В 2005 году в канадских портах было погружено и разгружено грузов. Порт Ванкувера является самым загруженным портом в Канаде, осуществляющим 15% общего объема внутренних и международных перевозок Канады в 2003 году. Transport Canada осуществляет надзор за большинством регулятивных функций, связанных с морской регистрацией, безопасностью крупных судов и обязанностями портового лоцмана. Многие портовые сооружения Канады находятся в процессе передачи ответственности от федеральных органов другим ведомствам или муниципалитетам. Внутренние водные пути включают в себя, в частности, Сент-Лоуренский судоходный канал. Transport Canada обеспечивает соблюдение законов и нормативных актов, регулирующих водный транспорт и безопасность. +Контейнерный трафик в канадских портах, 2006РангПортПровинцияTEUКоробкиКонтейнерные грузы (тонны)1ВанкуверБританская Колумбия2 207 7301 282 80717 640 0242МонреальКвебек1 288 910794 73511 339 3163ГалифаксНовая Шотландия530 722311 0654 572 0204Сент-ДжонсНьюфаундленд и Лабрадор118 00855 475512 7875ФрейзерБританская Колумбия94 651N/A742 7836Сент-ДжонНью-Брансуик44 56624 982259 4597ТоронтоОнтарио24 58524 585292 834
In 2005, of cargo was loaded and unloaded at Canadian ports. The Port of Vancouver is the busiest port in Canada, moving or 15% of Canada's total in domestic and international shipping in 2003. Transport Canada oversees most of the regulatory functions related to marine registration, safety of large vessel, and port pilotage duties. Many of Canada's port facilities are in the process of being divested from federal responsibility to other agencies or municipalities. Inland waterways comprise , including the St. Lawrence Seaway. Transport Canada enforces acts and regulations governing water transportation and safety. +Container traffic in Canadian ports, 2006RankPortProvinceTEUsBoxesContainerized cargo (tonnes)1VancouverBritish Columbia2,207,7301,282,80717,640,0242MontrealQuebec1,288,910794,73511,3393163 HalifaxNova Scotia530,722311,0654,572,0204 St. John'sNewfoundland and Labrador118,00855,475512,7875 Fraser RiverBritish Columbia94,651N/A742,7836 Saint JohnNew Brunswick44,56624,982259,4597 TorontoOntario24,58524,585292,834
Порты и гавани
Национальный совет портов осуществлял управление портами Галифакс, Сент-Джон, Шикутими, Трой-Ривьер, Черчилль и Ванкувер до 1983 года. В свое время более 300 портов по всей Канаде находились под надзором Министерства транспорта, как указано в списке Министерства транспорта. Правительство проводит активную программу приватизации, и после приватизации Транспорт Канада осуществляет надзор только за 17 канадскими портовыми управлениями, отвечающими за 17 крупнейших судоходных портов.
The National Harbours Board administered Halifax, Saint John, Chicoutimi, Trois Rivières, Churchill, and Vancouver until 1983. At one time, over 300 harbours across Canada were supervised by the Department of Transport. as indicated by a DoT list. The government maintains an active divestiture programme, and after divestiture Transport Canada oversees only 17 Canada Port Authorities for the 17 largest shipping ports.
Торговый флот
Торговый флот Канады насчитывал в общей сложности 173 судна (или более) в конце 2007 года. Правительственным организациям по всей Канаде принадлежало 17 852 автобуса различных типов в 2016 году. Организации в Онтарио (38,8%) и Квебеке (21,9%) составляли чуть более трех пятых всего автобусного парка страны. Городские муниципалитеты владели более чем 85% всех автобусов. В 2016 году дизельные автобусы были наиболее распространенным типом автобусов в Канаде (65,9%), за ними следовали автобусы на биотопливе (18,1%) и гибридные автобусы (9,4%). На электробусы, автобусы на природном газе и другие типы автобусов в совокупности приходилось оставшиеся 6,6%.
Canada's merchant marine comprised a total of 173 ships ( or over) or at the end of 2007. Government organizations across Canada owned 17,852 buses of various types in 2016. Organizations in Ontario (38.8%) and Quebec (21.9%) accounted for just over three fifths of the country's total bus fleet. Urban municipalities owned more than 85% of all buses. in 2016, diesel buses were the leading bus type in Canada (65.9%), followed by bio diesel (18.1%) and hybrid (9.4%) buses. Electric, natural gas and other buses collectively accounted for the remaining 6.6%.